Nicotine Dependence and Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and RelatedConditions
Abstract
BACKGROUND: No information is available on the co-occurrence of DSM-IV nicotine dependence and Axis I and II psychiatric disorders in the US population. OBJECTIVES: To present national data on the co-occurrence of current DSM-IV nicotine dependence and other psychiatric disorders by sex and to estimate the burden of all US tobacco consumption carried by nicotine-dependent and psychiatrically ill individuals. DESIGN: Face-to-face interviews. SETTING: The United States. PARTICIPANTS: Household and group-quarters adults (N = 43 093). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and comorbidity of current nicotine dependence and Axis I and II disorders and the percentage of cigarettes consumed in the United States among psychiatrically vulnerable subgroups. RESULTS: Among US adults, 12.8% (95% confidence interval, 12.0-13.6) were nicotine dependent. Associations between nicotine dependence and specific Axis I and II disorders were all strong and statistically significant (P<.05) in the total population and among men and women. Nicotine-dependent individuals made up only 12.8% (95% confidence interval, 12.0-13.6) of the population yet consumed 57.5% of all cigarettes smoked in the United States. Nicotine-dependent individuals with a comorbid psychiatric disorder made up 7.1% (95% confidence interval, 6.6-7.6) of the population yet consumed 34.2% of all cigarettes smoked in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine-dependent and psychiatrically ill individuals consume about 70% of all cigarettes smoked in the United States. The results of this study highlight the importance of focusing smoking cessation efforts on individuals who are nicotine dependent, individuals who have psychiatric disorders, and individuals who have comorbid nicotine dependence and other psychiatric disorders. Further, awareness of industry segmentation strategies can improve smoking cessation efforts of clinicians and other health professionals among all smokers and especially among the most vulnerable.
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Population-based studies show that smokers are twice as likely as nonsmokers to have a lifetime history of major depression.
“Population-based studies show that smokers are twice as likely as nonsmokers to have a lifetime history of major depression (11–13).”
From Persistent β <sub>2</sub> *-Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Chou, S. P., Stinson, F. S., & Dawson, D. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2004-11-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1107
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134108978
- Cited by
- 1,262
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 23.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- nicotine dependence, mental illness, comorbidities, tobacco use, smoking cessation, prevalence, sex differences, vulnerable subgroups
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Personality Disorders, Smoking, Tobacco Products, Nicotiana, Tobacco Use Disorder, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Confidence Intervals, Smoking Cessation, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Substance-Related Disorders, Alcohol-Related Disorders
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