A comparison of volume-equated knee extensions to failure, or not to failure, upon rating of perceived exertion and strength adaptations

Fisher, James Peter; Blossom, Dominic; Steele, James

doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0421

Cited by 41Sports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiologyMuscle metabolism and nutrition

A comparison of volume-equated knee extensions to failure, or not to failure, upon rating of perceived exertion and strength adaptations

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Fisher, James Peter, Blossom, Dominic, Steele, James·2016·Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism

DOI 10.1139/apnm-2015-0421

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Abstract

The present study aimed to compare the effects of repetition duration-, volume-, and load-matched resistance training to muscular failure (MMF) or not to muscular failure (NMF) on maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor strength. This design also allowed testing of the efficacy of “5×5” training. Nine recreationally active males (age, 21.4 ± 1.2 years; height, 1.79 ± 0.07 m; weight, 78.4 ± 7.1 kg) performed unilateral resistance training at 80% of maximal torque at 2×/week for 6 weeks. Using their nondominant leg, participants performed 5 sets of 5 repetitions (NMF). Using their dominant leg, participants performed 25 repetitions in as few sets as possible (MMF). All repetitions were performed at a pace of 2 s concentric, 1 s isometric pause, and 2 s eccentric with a 2-min rest interval between sets. Analyses identified significant pre- to post-intervention strength increases for both MMF and NMF, with effect sizes (ESs) of 2.01 and 1.65, respectively, with no significant differences between conditions (p > 0.05). Peak and mean ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were significantly higher for MMF compared with NMF conditions (p < 0.0001), and a tendency for significantly higher RPE values reported for later sets for the NMF condition. Total training time per session was significantly longer for NMF compared with MMF (p < 0.001). The present study suggests that in untrained participants, resistance training NMF produces equivocally the same strength increases as training to MMF when volume-matched. However, resistance training to MMF appears to be a more time-efficient protocol and may produce greater strength gains as indicated by a larger ES.

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There are a number of studies that report no additional muscle strength or hypertrophy benefits of training to repetition failure.
“However, there are a number of studies that report no additional muscle strength [93–98] or hypertrophy [96] benefits of training to repetition failure.”
From Minimalist Training: Is Lower Dosage or Intensity Resistance Training Effective to Improve Physical Fitness? A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [95]
The Strength results (page not available) report no significant difference in strength gains between training to failure and not to failure, supporting the strength portion of the claim. The Discussion (page not available) says future research should test whether hypertrophic adaptations are also similar; this study does not establish the hypertrophy portion. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Performing repetitions to momentary failure induces significantly higher ratings of perceived exertion, which probably would not be pleasurable or motivating for individuals who are not highly motivated to exercise.
“Performing repetitions to momentary failure induces significantly higher ratings of perceived exertion [95, 100], which probably would not be pleasurable or motivating for individuals who are not highly motivated to exercise.”
From Minimalist Training: Is Lower Dosage or Intensity Resistance Training Effective to Improve Physical Fitness? A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [95]

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Peer Review #2 of "Resistance training with different repetition duration to failure: effect on hypertrophy, strength and muscle activation (v0.3)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10909v0.3/reviews/2
Peer Review #3 of "Ability to predict repetitions to momentary failure is not perfectly accurate, though improves with resistance training experience (v0.1)"
(2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.4105v0.1/reviews/3
Peer Review #1 of "Resistance training with different repetition duration to failure: effect on hypertrophy, strength and muscle activation (v0.1)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10909v0.1/reviews/1
Peer Review #2 of "Ability to predict repetitions to momentary failure is not perfectly accurate, though improves with resistance training experience (v0.1)"
(2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.4105v0.1/reviews/2
Peer Review #1 of "Ability to predict repetitions to momentary failure is not perfectly accurate, though improves with resistance training experience (v0.1)"
(2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.4105v0.1/reviews/1
Peer Review #2 of "Ability to predict repetitions to momentary failure is not perfectly accurate, though improves with resistance training experience (v0.2)"
(2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.4105v0.2/reviews/2
Peer Review #3 of "Ability to predict repetitions to momentary failure is not perfectly accurate, though improves with resistance training experience (v0.2)"
(2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.4105v0.2/reviews/3
Peer Review #1 of "Ability to predict repetitions to momentary failure is not perfectly accurate, though improves with resistance training experience (v0.3)"
(2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.4105v0.3/reviews/1
Peer Review #2 of "Resistance training with different repetition duration to failure: effect on hypertrophy, strength and muscle activation (v0.1)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10909v0.1/reviews/2
Peer Review #1 of "Ability to predict repetitions to momentary failure is not perfectly accurate, though improves with resistance training experience (v0.2)"
(2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.4105v0.2/reviews/1
Peer Review #2 of "Resistance training with different repetition duration to failure: effect on hypertrophy, strength and muscle activation (v0.2)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10909v0.2/reviews/2
Effect of Movement Tempo During Resistance Training on Hypertrophy and Muscular Fitness: A Narrative Literature Review
Ersöz, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Disabilities Sports & Health Sciences · doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1323722
Differences in knee flexor and extensor force and kinematic variables in rural versus urban area female students in Romania
Petre, I. M., Nobarı, H., Boșcoianu, M., PELIN, B. I., Ionescu, A., Prieto-González, P., Oliveira, R. F. S., & Oancea, B. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1152119
Additional file 1 of Influence of Resistance Training Proximity-to-Failure, Determined by Repetitions-in-Reserve, on Neuromuscular Fatigue in Resistance-Trained Males and Females
Refalo, M. C., Helms, E. R., Hamilton, D. L., & Fyfe, J. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26567261
The Relationship Between Subjective and Objective Intensity Across a Multiset Resistance Training Program
Lyristakis, P., Wundersitz, D. W. T., Cousins, S. D., Zadow, E. K., & Gordon, B. A. (2026) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000005615

Comparative Adaptations to Different Leg Extension Set-termination Strategies in Trained Men and Women: A Unilateral Within-Participant Study
Vasconcelos, T., Ruivo, A., Refalo, M. C., Lucas, G. C., Vasconcelos, P. R., Brito, J. P., Vilaça‐Alves, J., & Oliveira, R. F. S. (2026) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000005494
Muscular failure and repetition duration: effects on muscle hypertrophy, strength and neuromuscular activity
de Lacerda, L. T. (2020) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Resistance training with different repetition duration to failure: effect on hypertrophy, strength and muscle activation
de Lacerda, L. T., Marra-Lopes, R. O., Lanza, M. B., Diniz, R. C. R., Lima, F. V., Martins-Costa, H. C., Pedrosa, G. F., de Andrade, A. G. P., Kibele, A., & Chagas, M. H. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10909 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Is Performing Repetitions to Failure Less Important Than Volume for Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength?
Lacerda, L. T., Marra-Lopes, R. O., Diniz, R. C. R., Lima, F. V., Rodrigues, S. A., Martins-Costa, H. C., Bemben, M. G., & Chagas, M. H. (2020) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003438 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Resistance Training Performed to Failure or Not to Failure Results in Similar Total Volume, but With Different Fatigue and Discomfort Levels
Santos, W. D. N. D., Vieira, C. A., Bottaro, M., Nunes, V. A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Steele, J., Fisher, J. P., & Gentil, P. (2021) · Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002915 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Fisher, J. P., Blossom, D., & Steele, J.
Affiliations: Southampton Solent University (GB)
ORCID: Fisher, James Peter
Steele, James
Venue: Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 2016-02
Volume: 41
Issue: 2
Pages: 168-174
ISSN: 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
1715-5320
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0421
OpenAlex: W1910451926
Cited by: 41
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 3
FWCI: 5.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/about/CorporateTextAndDataMining (tdm)
Locations: Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
TSpace (University of Toronto) (acceptedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: resistance training, muscular failure, knee extension, isometric strength, rating of perceived exertion, training volume, training time efficiency, untrained men, strength adaptation
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Physical Exertion, Humans, Knee, Male, Exercise, Weight-Bearing, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training, Young Adult

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A comparison of volume-equated knee extensions to failure, or not to failure, upon rating of perceived exertion and strength adaptations

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