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Strategies to improve the efficiency of beef cattle production
Open accessAbstract
Globally, there are approximately one billion beef cattle, and compared with poultry and swine, beef cattle have the poorest conversion efficiency of feed to meat. However, these metrics fail to consider that beef cattle produce high-quality protein from feeds that are unsuitable for other livestock species. Strategies to improve the efficiency of beef cattle are focusing on operational and breeding management, host genetics, functional efficiency of rumen and respiratory microbiomes, and the structure and composition of feed. These strategies must also consider the health and immunity of the herd as well as the need for beef cattle to thrive in a changing environment. Genotyping can identify hybrid vigor with positive consequences for animal health, productivity, and environmental adaptability. The role of microbiome–host interactions is key in efficient nutrient digestion and host health. Microbial markers and gene expression patterns within the rumen microbiome are being used to identify hosts that are efficient at fibre digestion. Plant breeding and processing are optimizing the feed value of both forages and concentrates. Strategies to improve the efficiency of cattle production are a prerequisite for the sustainable intensification needed to satisfy the future demand for beef.
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“However, genetic manipulation of rumen microbiota is also possible through different techniques as host genetics influences some heritable microbial traits (81–83).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [83]
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“However, it is essential to understand the relationships between fertility and productive traits to avoid undesirable selection e ff ects within the herd (Terry et al. 2021).”
Buryakov, N. P., Aleshin, D. E., Buryakova, M. A., Zaikina, A. S., Medvedev, I. K., Zemyachkovskaya, D. A., Laptev, G., Il'ina, L. A., Sheikh, A. I. E., Fathala, M. M., et al. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13111856 · Cited by 3
“The Ration The basis for increasing the productivity of livestock is to meet the needs of the body, firstly, in the optimal intake of nutrients from the diet, and secondly, their effective decomposition to monomers in the gastrointestinal tract and use for the needs of the body and productivity [47,53,54].”
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Brunes, L. C., Baldi, F. S., Costa, M. F. O. E., Lôbo, R. B., Lopes, F. B., & Magnabosco, C. D. U. (2024) · Ciência Animal Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1809-6891v25e-75632p · Cited by 3
Mengistu, G. F., McAllister, T. A., Fulawka, D. L., Aboagye, I. A., Legesse, G., Stanford, K., Cordeiro, M. R. C., Gunte, K. E., Omonijo, F. A., Wittenberg, K. M., et al. (2025) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104324 · Cited by 4
Risk factors underlining reproductive performance in smallholder beef cattle herds of South Africa
Nkadimeng, M., van Marle-Köster, E., Nengovhela, N. B., Ramukhithi, F. V., Mphaphathi, M. L., Rust, J. M., & Makgahlela, M. L. (2024) · Tropical Animal Health and Production · doi:10.1007/s11250-024-04181-x · Cited by 2
“A holistic management approach can be particularly beneficial for resource constraint farmers in finding a unified management approach for diverse reproductive performance to improve poor herd reproduction (Terry et al. 2020).”
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“Improved beef production efficiency contributes to global food security and animal protein needs [8,9].”
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Short communication: thermotolerance and residual feed intake in Bos-indicus crossbred beef heifers
da Silva, G. M., Podversich, F., da Silva, Á. E. M., Franco, A. M., Gonella-Diaza, A. M., Mateescu, R. G., & DiLorenzo, N. (2025) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txaf051 · Cited by 2
“By enhancing feed efficiency, RFI selection can reduce land use and the need for additional forage and feed production, thereby minimizing agricultural impacts on biodiversity and environmental pollution (Terry et al., 2020).”
Giannico, F., Petrontino, A., Bozzo, F., Karatosidi, D., Selvaggi, M., Carbonara, C., Tarricone, S., Ragni, M., & Colonna, M. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2025.1547585 · Cited by 2
Khejornsart, P., Traithilen, U., & Juntanam, T. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci12050402 · Cited by 2
“Beef cattle play an important role in peri-urban agricultural production, which benefits sustainable agriculture [1,2], rural economies, and global food security [3], particularly in terms of animal protein food [4,5].”
Hastening meat production: a review of growth promoters for traditional and cultured meat production
Mariano, E., Lee, D. Y., Park, J. W., Namkung, S., Choi, S. Y., Bok, C. H., Lee, W., Shin, Y., Venter, C., & Hur, S. J. (2025) · Journal of Animal Science and Technology · doi:10.5187/jast.2500296 · Cited by 2
“Improvement in animal production is often attributed to a holistic approach, which involves considering multiple factors that the animals need to promote high growth and performance [3].”
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Effects of Low Pasture Quality on Body Condition Score and Reproductive Performance of Beef Cattle
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Los procesos reproductivos en vacas y el uso de la ultrasonografía
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“Furthermore, beef cattle have been bred for increased growth rate and feed efficiency, thus consuming more in a shorter time period (Terry et al., 2021).”
Leal, Y., Johnson, S., Idowu, M. D., Taiwo, G. A., Sidney, T. S., Treon, E., Ologunagba, D., Gratz, L. M., Morenikeji, O. B., & Ogunade, I. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2025.1485446 · Cited by 2
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“While Ridoutt et al. [15] and Terry et al. [16] emphasized that medium-frame beef cattle can optimize productivity without disproportionately increasing water demands, Palhares et al. [8] found that animal-level management, including choosing an optimal frame size, significantly reduces the water…”
InfluentialAdinata, Y., Noor, R. R., Priyanto, R., Cyrilla, L., & Sudrajad, P. (2022) · Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences · doi:10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.9.16 · Cited by 2
Orange molasses as a new energy ingredient for feedlot lambs in Brazil
dos Santos, I. J., Dias, P. C. G., Vicente, A. C. S., Alves, A. L., de Assis, R. G., Biava, J. S., Nogueira, M. V. V. A., Pires, A. V., & Ferreira, E. M. (2023) · Tropical Animal Health and Production · doi:10.1007/s11250-023-03675-4 · Cited by 2
Production of Bacillus subtillis protein mass on the microbial mass of Methylococcus capsulatus
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“Moreover, feed intake and digestibility were recognized as crucial factors affecting livestock productivity [40, 41].”
BackgroundFertility and parturition parameters in beef type heifers
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“To address the increasing global demand for meat production, strategies such as genetic selection, nutritional optimization, and effective reproductive management are imperative for sustainably enhancing cattle meat production (Terry et al. 2020).”
Оздемиров, А. А., & Krupin, E. O. (2025) · Agrarian Bulletin of the North Caucasus · doi:10.31279/2949-4796-2025-15-3-35-50 · Cited by 1
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Applications of omics-based phenotyping technologies in animal genetic breeding
LI, Y., Yin, Y., & He, Q. (2026) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-025-3224-6 · Cited by 1
“Animal breeding is essential for enhancing the productivity, quality, and efficiency of livestock and agricultural systems (Terry et al., 2021).”
Unveiling Genetic Potential for Equine Meat Production: A Bioinformatics Approach
Šimon, M., Kaić, A., & Potočnik, K. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14162441 · Cited by 4
“The gene is involved in nutrient absorption by rumen epithelial cells [60], possibly via the phosphatidylinositol (3,4) bisphosphate signaling pathway [61].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Terry, S. A., Basarab, J. A., Guan, L. L., & McAllister, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (CA)
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre (CA)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Animal Science
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2021-03-01
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-19
- ISSN
- 0008-3984 (ISSN-L)
- 1918-1825
- OpenAlex
- W3045238561
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 16.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Animal Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Livestock Farming and Management
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- feed efficiency, rumen microbiome, airway microbiome, host genetics, heterosis, genotyping, fiber digestion, forage breeding, feed processing, microbial biomarkers, gene expression, sustainable intensification, beef demand
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