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Caffeine and sports performance
Abstract
Athletes are among the groups of people who are interested in the effects of caffeine on endurance and exercise capacity. Although many studies have investigated the effect of caffeine ingestion on exercise, not all are suited to draw conclusions regarding caffeine and sports performance. Characteristics of studies that can better explore the issues of athletes include the use of well-trained subjects, conditions that reflect actual practices in sport, and exercise protocols that simulate real-life events. There is a scarcity of field-based studies and investigations involving elite performers. Researchers are encouraged to use statistical analyses that consider the magnitude of changes, and to establish whether these are meaningful to the outcome of sport. The available literature that follows such guidelines suggests that performance benefits can be seen with moderate amounts (~3 mg.kg-1 body mass) of caffeine. Furthermore, these benefits are likely to occur across a range of sports, including endurance events, stop-and-go events (e.g., team and racquet sports), and sports involving sustained high-intensity activity lasting from 1-60 min (e.g., swimming, rowing, and middle and distance running races). The direct effects on single events involving strength and power, such as lifts, throws, and sprints, are unclear. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the range of protocols (timing and amount of doses) that produce benefits and the range of sports to which these may apply. Individual responses, the politics of sport, and the effects of caffeine on other goals, such as sleep, hydration, and refuelling, also need to be considered.
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“Recent changes to knowledge and practice around caffeine and sports performance include recognition that benefits apply across a large range of sports (highintensity events of 1-60 min, endurance/ultra-endurance events and team/racket/combat sports with intermittent efforts) [121].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [121]
In the citing paper
“Caffeine is widely consumed as part of a normal diet, and there is clear evidence-for-efficacy regarding its ergogenic properties in a variety of sports [150–152], although the extent of the ergogenic effect is largely dependent on inter-individual genetic variance [153].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [151]
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“Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a widely used stimulant, consumed by 80% of the world’s population, most commonly via plant sources (coffee, tea etc.) or manufactured products, such as energy drinks, caffeinated gums and gels (Burke 2008; Ogawa and Ueki 2007).”
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“In contrast, the ergogenic properties of caffeine on endurance performance have been well-established for a long time [9,15–17], and athletes in these sports could be more prone to generate expectancies about its positive effects.”
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“Based on the research presented (Burke, 2009; Demura et al., 2007; Foskett et al., 2009; Goldstein et al., 2010; Woolf et al., 2008) it is apparent that moderate caffeine supplementation in the range of 3–6 mg/kg can be advantageous for either endurance or sprint performance, but only in able-bodied athletes.”
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Møller, V., & Christiansen, A. V. (2020) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-020-09446-4 · Cited by 5
Does Caffeine Enhance Athletic Performance?
Juliana, M., & Rafaella-Maria, S. (2017) · Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise (AJNE) · doi:10.18502/ajne.v1i1.1223 · Cited by 5
Volk, B. M., & Creighton, B. C. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396454-0.00051-5 · Cited by 5
Li, Y., Qiu, B., Kuai, H., Huang, K., Liu, H., Zhang, M., Yin, M., Zhang, Y., Deng, H., Zhong, Y., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1669004 · Cited by 4
“Caffeine may enhance performance by promoting calcium ion mobilization, increasing force production per motor unit, and potentially enhancing peripheral neuromuscular function through upregulation of Na + /K + pump activity (11, 16, 19, 43).”
Exercise and sport: Definitions, classifications, and relevance to population health
Tiller, N. B. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820682-9.00010-4 · Cited by 5
Karami, E., Sarkaki, A., Farbood, Y., & Vastegani, S. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13760-3 · Cited by 4
UCI Sports Nutrition Project: Nutrition for the Emerging Cycling Disciplines of Esports and Gravel
Whitfield, J., Mujika, I., & Burke, L. M. (2026) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0189 · Cited by 4
Caffeine consumption within British fencing athletes
Morris, G. B., MANDERS, R. J. F., & Hulton, A. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.999847 · Cited by 4
“Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a legal psychoactive drug consumed by approximately 90% of adults daily (6).”
BackgroundMarshall, K. (2024) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/93hq-tq60 · Cited by 4
Hughes, R. N. (2011) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2011.1206 · Cited by 4
“…via soft drinks and energy concoctions with an often alarm-ingly high caffeine content (e.g., ‘‘Ammo Energy Shot,’’ 5.78mg/mL solution compared with 0.34mg/mL for brewed coffee 18 ), little is known about effects of caffeine on adolescent neurobehavioral development in either humans or animals.”
The examination of the effect of caffeine supplementation in professional soccer players
Karabağ, S., & Taş, Z. (2019) · Physical Education of Students · doi:10.15561/20755279.2019.0304 · Cited by 3
“They are also reported to reduce drivers’ insomnia and to improve marksmanship, surveillance and psychomotor fitness in soldiers [68, 69, 70, 71].”
BackgroundMUSCLE STRENGTH AND CAFFEINE SUPPLEMENTATION: ARE WE DOING MORE OF THE SAME?
Soares, E. D. M. K. V. K., Garcia, G. L., Molina, G. E., & Fontana, K. E. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/1517-869220192502180594 · Cited by 4
Dietary-nutritional needs in tennis: A narrative review
Domínguez, R., Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., da Silva, S. F., López‐Samanes, Á., Martínez-Sanz, J. M., & Ordóñez, F. M. (2021) · Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética · doi:10.14306/renhyd.25.s1.1029 · Cited by 8
Irandoust, K., Saad, H. B., Mohammadgholiha, F., Taheri, M., & Dergaa, I. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 5
DETERMINAÇÃO DO TEOR DE CAFEÍNA EM DIFERENTES TIPOS DE CAFÉS
da Silva, C. J. R. S., Benjamim, C. J. R., Carvalho, L. B., Rocha, É. M. B., & Mori, E. (2018) · DEMETRA Alimentação Nutrição & Saúde · doi:10.12957/demetra.2018.30653 · Cited by 4
Carrageta, D. F., Dias, T. R., Jarak, I., Alves, M. G., Oliveira, P. F., der Walt, M. M. V., Terre’Blanche, G., Monteiro, M. P., & Silva, B. M. (2018) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2018.08.002 · Cited by 4
“Caffeine is also known to boost physical exercise performance and endurance, being its use common among athletes (Burke 2008).”
BackgroundEFECTO AGUDO DE LAS BEBIDAS ENERGÉTICAS EN EL RENDIMIENTO ANAERÓBICO: UN METAANÁLISIS
Oviedo, G. M. A., Castillo‐Hernández, I. M., & Díaz, J. J. (2019) · Pensar en Movimiento Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud · doi:10.15517/pensarmov.v17i2.31769 · Cited by 4
“…Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional A pesar de que se ha demostrado que la cafeína mejora la resistencia y el rendimiento deportivo (Burke, 2008), esta posee efectos secundarios, tales como insomnio, dolor de cabeza, nerviosismo y arritmias cardíacas.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe paradox of human milk doping for anti-doping
Forgues, C., Mazanov, J., & Smith, J. P. (2017) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2017.08.002 · Cited by 4
Rica, R. L., Evangelista, A. L., Maia, A. F., Machado, A. F., Teixeira, C. V. L. S., Barbosa, W. A., Hacbart, F., Guerra, M. A., Guimarães‐Ferreira, L., Gomes, J. H., et al. (2019) · Journal of Physical Education and Sport · doi:10.7752/jpes.2019.s1017 · Cited by 4
“The relationship with the ergogenic effects and health status when using caffeine deserves more attention (Burke, 2008).”
BackgroundMoreno, A. M. (2020) · UPM Digital Archive (Technical University of Madrid) · doi:10.20868/upm.thesis.65780 · Cited by 4
Vicente-Salar, N., Crespo, M., Pluim, B. M., Fernández-Fernández, J., Stroia, K. A., Ellenbecker, T. S., Rivas, D. S., Coso, J. D., Moreno-Pérez, V., Hainline, B. W., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0001 · Cited by 7
Effect of caffeine ingestion on cycling performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wu, J., Xu, K., Yin, M., Ding, X., Wang, T., Zhang, Q., Wu, X., & Xiao, N. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1745472 · Cited by 4
del Arco, A., Aguirre-Betolaza, A. M., Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., Gogojewicz, A., & Castañeda-Babarro, A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15224839 · Cited by 3
“These advantages encompass enhanced neuromuscular functionality and a decrease in fatigue and perceived effort levels during physical exertion, among others [44].”
BackgroundHorimatsu, S., Mizutani, M., Miura, H., & Ohkoshi, E. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00933 · Cited by 3
No significant effect of caffeine on five kilometer running performance after muscle damage
Al‐Nawaiseh, A. M., PRITCHETT, R. C., Pritchett, K. L., Bataineh, M. F., Taifour, A. M., Bellar, D. M., Schoeff, M. A., Fox, B. D., Judge, A., & Judge, L. W. (2020) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000683 · Cited by 3
Acute caffeine intake in humans reduces post exercise performance in learning and memory
Berg, J., Cooper, J., Salonikas, C., Seyedsadjadi, N., & Grant, R. (2021) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2775 · Cited by 3
“However, some evidence suggests that caffeine's ubiquitous use as an ergogenic aid (Burke, 2008; Cook, Crewther, Kilduff, Drawer, & Gaviglio, 2011; Hurley, Hatfield, & Riebe, 2013; Motl et al., 2003; Stuart, Hopkins, Cook, & Cairns, 2005) by both athletes and nonathletes may inadvertently undermine…”
BackgroundAyhan, A., Müftüoğlu, S., & Köse, B. (2021) · Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.17644/sbd.876856 · Cited by 3
Active Binding Modes of Caffeine with Cytochrome P450 1A2 Determine Its Metabolite Profiles
Sun, M., Lyu, L., & Zheng, Q. (2023) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00044 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Burke, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, P.O. Box 176, Belconnen, ACT, Canberra 2616, Australia (e-mail: ).
- Corresponding author
- Burke, Louise M.
- ORCID
- Burke, Louise M.
- Venue
- Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1319-1334
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2161231484
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- caffeine, athletic performance, endurance exercise, exercise capacity, caffeine dose, elite athletes, sleep, hydration, sports nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Caffeine, Doping in Sports, Female, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Exercise Tolerance, Cross-Over Studies, Athletic Performance
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