The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Caffeine and sports performance
Abstract
Athletes are among the groups of people who are interested in the effects of caffeine on endurance and exercise capacity. Although many studies have investigated the effect of caffeine ingestion on exercise, not all are suited to draw conclusions regarding caffeine and sports performance. Characteristics of studies that can better explore the issues of athletes include the use of well-trained subjects, conditions that reflect actual practices in sport, and exercise protocols that simulate real-life events. There is a scarcity of field-based studies and investigations involving elite performers. Researchers are encouraged to use statistical analyses that consider the magnitude of changes, and to establish whether these are meaningful to the outcome of sport. The available literature that follows such guidelines suggests that performance benefits can be seen with moderate amounts (~3 mg.kg-1 body mass) of caffeine. Furthermore, these benefits are likely to occur across a range of sports, including endurance events, stop-and-go events (e.g., team and racquet sports), and sports involving sustained high-intensity activity lasting from 1-60 min (e.g., swimming, rowing, and middle and distance running races). The direct effects on single events involving strength and power, such as lifts, throws, and sprints, are unclear. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the range of protocols (timing and amount of doses) that produce benefits and the range of sports to which these may apply. Individual responses, the politics of sport, and the effects of caffeine on other goals, such as sleep, hydration, and refuelling, also need to be considered.
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“Recent changes to knowledge and practice around caffeine and sports performance include recognition that benefits apply across a large range of sports (highintensity events of 1-60 min, endurance/ultra-endurance events and team/racket/combat sports with intermittent efforts) [121].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [121]
In the citing paper
“Caffeine is widely consumed as part of a normal diet, and there is clear evidence-for-efficacy regarding its ergogenic properties in a variety of sports [150–152], although the extent of the ergogenic effect is largely dependent on inter-individual genetic variance [153].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [151]
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Behrens, M., Mau‐Moeller, A., Weippert, M., Fuhrmann, J., Wegner, K., Skripitz, R., Bader, R., & Bruhn, S. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10209 · Cited by 98
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“The acute intake of CAF has been effective to enhance exercise performance in a wide range of sport specific tasks [1], muscular endurance [2–4], and strength-power exercise modalities [4,5].”
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“Caffeine ingestion has been shown to increase fatty-acid mobilization from stores and spare glycogen while also stimulating the central nervous system and increasing muscle excitability, resulting in enhanced performance (Burke, 2008).”
BackgroundEffects of Commercial Energy Drink Consumption on Athletic Performance and Body Composition
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“Caffeine is commonly used by competitive and recreational athletes as a legal ergogenic aid (70).”
The Influence of Caffeine Expectancies on Sport, Exercise, and Cognitive Performance
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“CAF has also been observed to improve sport, exercise and cognitive performance directly [2,3,7,10].”
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Glaister, M., & Gissane, C. (2018) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0312 · Cited by 81
Energy Drinks: A Review of Use and Safety for Athletes
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Acute consumption of a caffeinated energy drink enhances aspects of performance in sprint swimmers
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“Despite the abundant amount of scientific information about the ergogenicity of caffeine or caffeine-containing products for physical performance in endurance disciplines((16)) and team sports((17)), only a few investigations have been geared to”
BackgroundThe Health Effect of Psychostimulants: A Literature Review
Favrod-Coune, T., & Broers, B. (2010) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph3072333 · Cited by 84
“by caffeine [34] with a maximal benefit at a dose of 2-3 mg/kg.”
BackgroundSupplements with purported effects on muscle mass and strength
Valenzuela, P. L., Morales, J. S., Emanuele, E., Pareja-Galeano, H., & Lucia, A. (2019) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1882-z · Cited by 85
Effects of Dietary Nitrate, Caffeine, and Their Combination on 20-km Cycling Time Trial Performance
Glaister, M., Pattison, J. R., Muniz‐Pumares, D., Patterson, S. D., & Foley, P. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000596 · Cited by 80
“Moreover, the effect of caffeine supplementation on time trial performance adds to the considerable body of previous research supporting a positive effect of caffeine on endurance exercise (10,20).”
BackgroundOverview of Caffeine Effects on Human Health and Emerging Delivery Strategies
Saraiva, S. M., Jacinto, T. A., Gonçalves, A. C., Gaspar, D., & Silva, L. R. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16081067 · Cited by 89
Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Fukuda, D. H., Kendall, K. L., & Stout, J. R. (2010) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-7-10 · Cited by 77
“Previous studies have suggested that the ergogenic effects of caffeine may be proportional to the amount of caffeine administered [ 56-58 ].”
BackgroundGutiérrez‐Hellín, J., & Varillas‐Delgado, D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030715 · Cited by 93
“It can be used in various physical forms as a legal nutritional method of improving sports performance in training sessions and competition [33].”
BackgroundWhat Do Athletes Drink During Competitive Sporting Activities?
Garth, A., & Burke, L. M. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0028-y · Cited by 75
“Other considerations for consuming fluids during sporting events lasting longer than *45 min includes the ingestion of common drink ingredients known to enhance performance such as carbohydrate [1], electrolytes [2] and caffeine [3], as well as the contribution of cool [4] or icy [5] fluids to comfort and thermoregula…”
BackgroundInfluentialDoes caffeine added to carbohydrate provide additional ergogenic benefit for endurance?
Conger, S. A., Warren, G. L., Hardy, M. A., & Millard-Stafford, M. L. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.1.71 · Cited by 71
No effect of caffeine on exercise performance in high ambient temperature
Roelands, B., Buyse, L., Pauwels, F., Delbeke, F., Deventer, K., & Meeusen, R. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1945-9 · Cited by 70
Soós, R., Gyebrovszki, Á., Tóth, Á. L., Jeges, S., & Wilhelm, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312389 · Cited by 86
“The effectiveness of caffeine and EDs on sports performance mainly depends on three factors: (1) dose and timing of administration; (2) type of sport; and (3) bodily response to caffeine [1,67].”
BackgroundCoso, J. D., Ramírez, J. A., Muñoz, G., Portillo, J., Gonzalez-Millán, C., Muñoz, V., Álvarez, J. C. B., & Muñoz‐Guerra, J. (2012) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0339 · Cited by 72
“Likewise, Coughlan et al. (2011) measured an average distance of 6715 m during an international rugby match.”
BackgroundMethodEfficacy and safety of ingredients found in preworkout supplements
Eudy, A. E., Gordon, L. L., Hockaday, B. C., Lee, D. A., Lee, V., Luu, D., Martinez, C. A., & Ambrose, P. J. (2013) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.2146/ajhp120118 · Cited by 72
“In 2008, the National Research Council of Canada published a paper that compiled the available literature regarding caffeine and its effects on endurance and exercise, listing studies that concluded that caffeine was effective in enhancing performance and other studies that stated it was ineffective.(23) While there a…”
BackgroundCaffeine use in a Super Rugby game and its relationship to post‐game sleep
Dunican, I. C., Higgins, C. C., Jones, M. J., Clarke, M. W., Murray, K., DAWSON, B. T., Caldwell, J. A., Halson, S. L., & Eastwood, P. R. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1433238 · Cited by 76
“It is of interest in our study that that time of sleep onset (02:12, hh:mm) does not occur until the halflife of caffeine (4–6 h) has passed, some 5 h after the post-game saliva sampling (Burke, 2008).”
BackgroundChen, H.-Y., Chen, Y., Tung, K., Chao, H.-H., & Wang, H.-S. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01108.2018 · Cited by 68
The Effect of a Caffeinated Mouth-Rinse on Endurance Cycling Time-Trial Performance
Doering, T. M., Fell, J. W., LEVERITT, M. D., Desbrow, B., & Shing, C. M. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0103 · Cited by 70
“The ergogenic benefits of caffeine supplementation on endurance exercise performance have been well documented (Burke, 2008; Doherty & Smith, 2004).”
BackgroundKilding, A. E., Overton, C., & Gleave, J. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.3.175 · Cited by 64
“Given that there are different mechanisms to explain the observed performance enhancement after supplementation with these two substances (Burke, 2008; Davis & Green, 2009; Requena, Zabala, Padial, & Feriche, 2005), a dual-supplementation approach could be a worthwhile strategy for athletes to…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWarnock, R., Jeffries, O., Patterson, S., & Waldron, M. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0570 · Cited by 64
Sabol, F., Grgić, J., & Mikulić, P. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0884 · Cited by 67
Szopa, A., Poleszak, E., Wyska, E., Serefko, A., Wośko, S., Właź, A., Pieróg, M., Wróbel, A., & Właź, P. (2015) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-015-1189-z · Cited by 63
“What is more, it is applied for therapeutic purposes when combined with analgesics (Andrews et al. 2007; Shapiro 2007) and antihistamines or in dietary supplements for weight loss (Andrews et al. 2007; Barone and Roberts 1996; Burke 2008; Shapiro 2007).”
BackgroundCarswell, A. T., Howland, K., Martinez-Gonzalez, B., Baron, P., & Davison, G. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04384-8 · Cited by 61
“The efficacy of caffeine supplementation is affected by the dose, method and timing of ingestion, training status, and the performance measures examined (Burke 2008; McLellan et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRahimi, R. (2019) · Irish Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s11845-018-1780-7 · Cited by 55
The influence of caffeine ingestion on strength and power performance in female team-sport players
Ali, A., O’Donnell, J., Foskett, A., & Rutherfurd-Markwick, K. J. (2016) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0157-4 · Cited by 61
“The effect of caffeine intake on power output is unclear [2, 10].”
Evans, M., Tierney, P., Gray, N., Hawe, G., Macken, M., & Egan, B. (2017) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0217 · Cited by 61
Induced Alkalosis and Caffeine Supplementation: Effects on 2,000-m Rowing Performance
Carr, A. J., Gore, C. J., & Dawson, B. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.357 · Cited by 72
“Further investigation of the combination of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate using a different sport-specific test (2,000-m rowing efforts) is warranted, because athletes do combine the two ergogenic aids for use in competition (Burke, 2008) and effects on rowing efforts separated by 48 hr (as required in a regatta) ha…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCaffeine Increases Performance in Cross-country Double-Poling Time Trial Exercise
Stadheim, H. K., Kvamme, B., Olsen, R., Drevon, C. A., Ivy, J. L., & Jensen, J. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182967948 · Cited by 57
Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers
Christensen, P. M., Petersen, M. H., Friis, S. N., & Bangsbo, J. (2014) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0577 · Cited by 57
“Caffeine (Burke 2008) and sodium bicarbonate (Carr et al.”
BackgroundLow and moderate doses of caffeine late in exercise improve performance in trained cyclists
Talanian, J. L., & Spriet, L. L. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0053 · Cited by 62
“The literature strongly indicates that supplementation with moderate (~3-6 mg · kg body mass (bm) -1 ) and high doses (> 6 mg · kg bm -1 ) of caffeine can decrease markers of fatigue and improve moderate to high intensity endurance performance (Graham 2001; Doherty and Smith 2004; Burke 2008).”
BackgroundComparison of caffeine-induced locomotor activity between adolescent and adult rats
Marin, M. T., ZANCHETA, R. P., Paro, A. H., Possi, A. P. M., Cruz, F. C., & Planeta, C. S. (2011) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.052 · Cited by 55
“Nearly all caffeine comes from dietary sources, such as beverages and food (Fredholm et al., 1999) but it is also present in supplements to increase sports performance and as a component of many combination medications marketed for the relief of headache symptoms (Shapiro, 2007; Burke, 2008).”
BackgroundCaffeine ingestion and cycling power output in a low or normal muscle glycogen state
LANE, S. C., ARETA, J. L., BIRD, S. R., COFFEY, V. G., BURKE, L. M., DESBROW, B., KARAGOUNIS, L. G., & HAWLEY, J. A. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31828af183 · Cited by 54
Acute effects of dietary constituents on motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes
Baker, L. B., Nuccio, R. P., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2014) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12157 · Cited by 61
Timmins, T. D., & Saunders, D. H. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000447 · Cited by 53
“For instance, measurement of more than 4600 samples across 56 sports in 2004 revealed a greater average urinary caffeine concentration and a larger percentage of higher urinary caffeine concentrations in strength-power sports relative to other sports (12).”
BackgroundDelleli, S., Ouergui, I., Messaoudi, H., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Glenn, J. M., & Chtourou, H. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14142996 · Cited by 60
Nutritional approaches to counter performance constraints in high‐level sports competition
Burke, L. M. (2021) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep088188 · Cited by 51
“…of food and supplemental sources (Guest et al., 2021; Wickham & Spriet, 2018), in a greater variety of protocols of intake around an exercise session (Burke, 2008), with better integration or periodization into daily dietary and life- style practices (Pickering & Grgic, 2021) and with…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCaffeine Improves Triathlon Performance: A Field Study in Males and Females
Potgieter, S., Wright, H. H., & Smith, C. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0165 · Cited by 50
Methodologies for Investigating Performance Changes With Supplement Use
Burke, L. M., & Peeling, P. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0325 · Cited by 53
“Indeed, such information is available on products such as caffeine (Burke, 2008; Conger et al., 2011; Glaister & Gissaine, 2017), including its specific delivery in energy drinks (Souza et al., 2017), bicarbonate (Carr et al., 2011b), creatine (Branch, 2003; Mujika & Padilla, 1997), b-alanine…”
BackgroundContemporary Nutrition Interventions to Optimize Performance in Middle-Distance Runners
Stellingwerff, T., Bovim, I. M., & Whitfield, J. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0241 · Cited by 51
“Caffeine is a natural central nervous system stimulant that has many proposed effects relevant for performance, including improved neuromuscular function, increased alertness, and reduced fatigue and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise (Burke, 2008).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Burke, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, P.O. Box 176, Belconnen, ACT, Canberra 2616, Australia (e-mail: ).
- Corresponding author
- Burke, Louise M.
- ORCID
- Burke, Louise M.
- Venue
- Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1319-1334
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2161231484
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- caffeine, athletic performance, endurance exercise, exercise capacity, caffeine dose, elite athletes, sleep, hydration, sports nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Caffeine, Doping in Sports, Female, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Exercise Tolerance, Cross-Over Studies, Athletic Performance
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