Complexity analysis of heartbeat-related signals in brain MRI time series as a potential biomarker for ageing and cognitive performance
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Getting older affects both the structure of the brain and some cognitive capabilities. Until now, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approaches have been unable to give a coherent reflection of the cognitive declines. It shows the limitation of the contrast mechanisms used in most MRI investigations, which are indirect measures of brain activities depending on multiple physiological and cognitive variables. However, MRI signals may contain information of brain activity beyond these commonly used signals caused by the neurovascular response. Here, we apply a zero-spin echo (ZSE) weighted MRI sequence, which can detect heartbeat-evoked signals (HES). Remarkably, these MRI signals have properties only known from electrophysiology. We investigated the complexity of the HES arising from this sequence in two age groups; young (18-29 years) and old (over 65 years). While comparing young and old participants, we show that the complexity of the HES decreases with age, where the stability and chaoticity of these HES are particularly sensitive to age. However, we also found individual differences which were independent of age. Complexity measures were related to scores from different cognitive batteries and showed that higher complexity may be related to better cognitive performance. These findings underpin the affinity of the HES to electrophysiological signals. The profound sensitivity of these changes in complexity shows the potential of HES for understanding brain dynamics that need to be tested in more extensive and diverse populations with clinical relevance for all neurovascular diseases. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00696-2.
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There is direct physical evidence of a macroscopic quantum entangled state in the living human brain that is correlated with the conscious state and working memory performance.
“and direct physical evidence of a macroscopic quantum entangled state in the living human brain that is correlated with the conscious state and working memory performance”
From A quantum microtubule substrate of consciousness is experimentally supported and solves the binding and epiphenomenalism problems (2025) · cites this paper as Pérez et al. 2023
The Results and Discussion report correlations between heartbeat-evoked MRI signal complexity and working-memory scores. The Introduction describes the signals as non-classical, and the Discussion credits an earlier study with linking a related signal to conscious awareness. Neither passage establishes direct physical evidence of a macroscopic quantum-entangled state; the paper also says the signals’ contrast mechanism remains unknown. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe fidelity of the putative spin-entanglement signal correlated with short-term memory performance.
“Because the fidelity of the putative spin-entanglement signal correlated with short-term memory performance (Pérez et al. 2023)”
From A quantum microtubule substrate of consciousness is experimentally supported and solves the binding and epiphenomenalism problems (2025) · cites this paper as Pérez et al. 2023
The Results (page unavailable) report correlations between measures of heartbeat-evoked signal complexity and pattern-recognition and working-memory scores; the Discussion links these findings to short-term memory. The paper does not report a measure of signal fidelity or establish that the correlated signal reflects spin entanglement. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKerskens and Pérez used a novel quantum entanglement-detection method applied to conscious humans in an MRI scanner.
“In a recent series of experiments, Kerskens and Pérez (2022) and Pérez et al. (2023) used a novel quantum entanglement-detection method applied to conscious humans in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner.”
From A quantum microtubule substrate of consciousness is experimentally supported and solves the binding and epiphenomenalism problems (2025) · cites this paper as Pérez et al. 2023
The Methods (Data acquisition; page unavailable) describe MRI scanning of participants who were checked to be awake, using a sequence that generated a zero-quantum-coherence signal. The Introduction says the signals may behave non-classically, but does not establish that the method detects quantum entanglement; it also notes that conventional multiple-quantum-coherence signals can have a classical derivation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe authors concluded that quantum brain processes are likely an important part of our cognitive and conscious brain functions.
“the authors concluded that the quantum brain processes are likely an important part of our cognitive and conscious brain functions.”
From A quantum microtubule substrate of consciousness is experimentally supported and solves the binding and epiphenomenalism problems (2025) · cites this paper as Pérez et al. 2023
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that studies have suggested quantum coherence may influence brain activity and cognition. But the paper describes the link between brain function and quantum mechanics as controversial, and its Conclusion (page unavailable) concerns heartbeat-evoked signal complexity—not a conclusion that quantum brain processes are likely important to cognition and consciousness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThey reported strong evidence for an entangled brain state related to consciousness and working memory performance.
“They reported strong evidence for an entangled brain state related to consciousness and working memory performance.”
From A quantum microtubule substrate of consciousness is experimentally supported and solves the binding and epiphenomenalism problems (2025) · cites this paper as Pérez et al. 2023
The Results and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) link heartbeat-evoked signal complexity with working-memory scores. The Discussion relates signal variables to conscious awareness, but says that relationship was reported previously. This paper does not report strong evidence for an entangled brain state; its own findings are described as preliminary. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
There is direct MRI evidence of a macroscopic quantum state related to consciousness in the human brain.
“And we have direct MRI evidence of a macroscopic quantum state related to consciousness in the human brain.”
From A quantum microtubule substrate of consciousness is experimentally supported and solves the binding and epiphenomenalism problems (2025) · cites this paper as Pérez et al. 2023
The Introduction reports heartbeat-evoked MRI signals that appeared only while volunteers were awake and says an earlier study found that MRI signals can behave non-classically. The Discussion links the signal to conscious awareness, but the paper does not establish direct MRI evidence of a macroscopic quantum state related to consciousness; it says the signal’s mechanism remains unknown and that its effects could not be distinguished between wakefulness and conscious awareness. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent MRI studies appear to offer support for the general hypothesis that the physical substrate of consciousness in the brain must be a nontrivial macroscopic quantum state.
“Recent MRI (i.e., nuclear magnetic resonance imaging) studies appear to offer support for the general hypothesis that the physical substrate of consciousness in the brain must be a nontrivial macroscopic quantum state (C. M. Kerskens and Pérez, 2022; Pérez et al., 2023).”
From Microtubule-stabilizer epothilone B delays anesthetic-induced unconsciousness in rats (2024) · cites this paper as Pérez et al., 2023
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- Authors
- López Pérez, D., Bokde, A. L. W., & Kerskens, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Venue
- The European Physical Journal Special Topics
- Published
- 2022-10-21
- Volume
- 232
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 123-133
- ISSN
- 1951-6355 (ISSN-L)
- 1951-6401
- PMC
- PMC9988766
- OpenAlex
- W4307136739
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The European Physical Journal Special Topics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI-11/RFP.1/NES/3051)
- Science Foundation Ireland Stokes (07/SK/B1214a)
- European Regional Development Fund (Interregional 4A Ireland Wales Programme 2007-2013)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- signal complexity, aging, cognitive performance, biomarkers, neurovascular response, brain dynamics, chaos, individual differences, cognitive decline
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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