Cited by 6,483Advanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsOptical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques

Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.

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Ogawa, S, Lee, T M, Kay, A R, Tank, D W·1990·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Abstract

Paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin in venous blood is a naturally occurring contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By accentuating the effects of this agent through the use of gradient-echo techniques in high fields, we demonstrate in vivo images of brain microvasculature with image contrast reflecting the blood oxygen level. This blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast follows blood oxygen changes induced by anesthetics, by insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and by inhaled gas mixtures that alter metabolic demand or blood flow. The results suggest that BOLD contrast can be used to provide in vivo real-time maps of blood oxygenation in the brain under normal physiological conditions. BOLD contrast adds an additional feature to magnetic resonance imaging and complements other techniques that are attempting to provide positron emission tomography-like measurements related to regional neural activity.

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Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868

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12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The most widely used fMRI signal is blood oxygenation level dependent and is observable with rapid pulse sequences sensitized to T2*-weighted contrast.

    “The most widely used fMRI signal is blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) (119) and observable with rapid pulse sequences sensitized to the T2*-weighted contrast (120–122).”
  • The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal is the basis for fMRI.

    “This phenomenon is the basis for fMRI (8, 9) and is usually referred to as the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal, following Ogawa and colleagues (6).”

    From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [6]

  • fMRI signal intensity is sensitive to the amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin.

    “Because fMRI signal intensity is sensitive to the amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin (5-7), this change in blood oxygen content at the site of increased brain activity can be detected with fMRI.”

    From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [6]

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Authors
Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R., & Tank, D. W.
Affiliations
AT&T (United States) (US)
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Published
1990-12
Volume
87
Issue
24
Pages
9868-9872
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
OpenAlex
W2071714163
Cited by
6,483
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 148 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 190 · 2023: 189 · 2022: 228 · 2021: 272 · 2020: 242 · 2019: 279 · 2018: 249 · 2017: 272 · 2016: 262 · 2015: 281 · 2014: 283 · 2013: 302 · 2012: 289
FWCI
8.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
Keywords
blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast, BOLD MRI, deoxyhemoglobin, cerebral microvasculature, gradient echo MRI, high-field MRI, anesthetic agents, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, functional MRI
MeSH terms
Animals, Blood Flow Velocity, Brain, Carbon Dioxide, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Hemoglobins, Hypoglycemia, Kinetics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Neurological, Oxygen, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats

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