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The domesticated robot: design guidelines for assisting older adults to age in place
Open accessAbstract
Many older adults wish to remain in their own homes as they age [16]. However, challenges in performing home upkeep tasks threaten an older adult's ability to age in place. Even healthy independently living older adults experience challenges in maintaining their home [13]. Challenges with home tasks can be compensated through technology, such as home robots. However, for home robots to be adopted by older adult users, they must be designed to meet older adults' needs for assistance and the older users must be amenable to robot assistance for those needs. We conducted a needs assessment to (1) assess older adults' openness to assistance from robots; and (2) understand older adults' opinions about using an assistive robot to help around the home. We administered questionnaires and conducted structured group interviews with 21 independently living older adults (ages 65-93). The questionnaire data suggest that older adults prefer robot assistance for cleaning and fetching/organizing tasks overall. However their assistance preferences discriminated between tasks. The interview data provided insight as to why they hold such preferences. Older adults reported benefits of robot assistance (e.g., the robot compensating for limitations, saving them time and effort, completing undesirable tasks, and performing tasks at a high level of performance). Participants also reported concerns such as the robot damaging the environment, being unreliable at or incapable of doing a task, doing tasks the older adult would rather do, or taking up too much space/storage. These data, along with specific comments from participant interviews, provide the basis for preliminary recommendations for designing mobile manipulator robots to support aging in place.
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“Specific to older adults, some studies in HCI and HRI indicate older adults' preference for using robots for household purposes more than for companionship [5,13]”
From "Phantom Friend" or "Just a Box with Information": Personification and Ontological Categorization of Smart Speaker-based Voice Assistants by Older Adults (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Most of these studies do not include the actual robot, and they instead rely on video demonstrations [6, 16], storyboard images showing what a robot may do [5], or other images of robots [9].”
From Situated Participatory Design: A Method for In Situ Design of Robotic Interaction with Older Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
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Hobbit, a care robot supporting independent living at home: First prototype and lessons learned
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“Our requirement studies as well as the research of others [45] indicate that older adults mainly expect assistance in various household maintaining tasks but also to improve social connectedness.”
BackgroundDomestic robots for older adults: attitudes, preferences, and potential
Smarr, C.-A., Mitzner, T. L., Beer, J. M., Prakash, A., Chen, T. L., Kemp, C. C., & Rogers, W. A. (2014) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-013-0220-0 · Cited by 253
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InfluentialSelf-citationPradhan, A., Findlater, L., & Lazar, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359316 · Cited by 223
“Specific to older adults, some studies in HCI and HRI indicate older adults’ preference for using robots for household purposes more than for companionship [5,13], whereas others have investigated the use of robots for reducing loneliness or to fill certain social needs [15,44,60].”
BackgroundReview: Seven Matters of Concern of Social Robots and Older People
Frennert, S., & Östlund, B. (2014) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-013-0225-8 · Cited by 210
“used questionnaires and structured interviews to understand older people’s openness and opinions on using robotic assistance [38].”
BackgroundAcceptance and Attitudes Toward a Human-like Socially Assistive Robot by Older Adults
Louie, W.-Y. G., McColl, D., & Nejat, G. (2014) · Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/10400435.2013.869703 · Cited by 181
“These studies have either consisted of administering questionnaires to older adults to determine which tasks they would accept a robot to do in the home (Beer et al., 2012; Ezer, Fisk, & Rogers, 2009; Smarr et al., 2012) or where they controlled a remote presence robot and then participated in semistructured interview…”
Identifying the Potential for Robotics to Assist Older Adults in Different Living Environments
Mitzner, T. L., Chen, T. L. B., Kemp, C. C., & Rogers, W. A. (2013) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-013-0218-7 · Cited by 167
Self-citationOlder Adults’ Preferences for and Acceptance of Robot Assistance for Everyday Living Tasks
Smarr, C.-A., Prakash, A., Beer, J. M., Mitzner, T. L., Kemp, C. C., & Rogers, W. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181312561009 · Cited by 126
“A portion of the data from the group discussion is published in Beer et al. (2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrakash, A., & Rogers, W. A. (2014) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-014-0269-4 · Cited by 124
“They can specifically assist older adults with various home-based tasks, so they can continue living independently in their homes [38].”
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Riek, L. D., & Howard, D. A. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 110
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“For older adults, we provided “home” as a keyword because “aging in place” implies enabling older adults to live in their homes as long as possible [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialRethinking the Design of Robotic Pets for Older Adults
Lazar, A., Thompson, H. J., Piper, A. M., & Demiris, G. (2016) · Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems · doi:10.1145/2901790.2901811 · Cited by 94
Deep Transfer Learning of Pick Points on Fabric for Robot Bed-Making
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Mutual Shaping in the Design of Socially Assistive Robots: A Case Study on Social Robots for Therapy
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Can Aging in Place Be Cost Effective? A Systematic Review
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Results of a real world trial with a mobile social service robot for older adults
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“Most of these studies do not include the actual robot, and they instead rely on video demonstrations [6, 16], storyboard images showing what a robot may do [5], or other images of robots [9].”
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Prakash, A., Beer, J. M., Deyle, T., Smarr, C.-A., Chen, T. L. B., Mitzner, T. L., Kemp, C. C., & Rogers, W. A. (2013) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2013.6483600 · Cited by 56
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Kumar, S., Itzhak, E., Edan, Y., Nimrod, G., Sarne‐Fleischmann, V., & Tractinsky, N. (2022) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00911-z · Cited by 52
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“…Fernández-Ardèvol, 2019), telemedicine and emerging technologies for healthcare (Sixsmith and Sixsmith, 2000; Mitzner et al., 2012; Czaja et al., 2013; Sharit et al., 2019), and to support age-in-place ( Mynatt et al., 2000, 2004; Beer et al., 2012; Marston and van Hoof, 2019; White et al., 2020).”
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BackgroundSelf-citationEngaging Older Adults with Depression as Co-Designers of Assistive In-Home Robots
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“Researchers have done surveys [2,11], observational studies, [5,10] and quasiexperimental studies [4,20] to discover how robots are used by older adults with mental and physical health issues in this environment.”
BackgroundLEADOR: A Method for End-To-End Participatory Design of Autonomous Social Robots
Winkle, K., Senft, E., & Lemaignan, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.704119 · Cited by 37
“Typically, researchers set the research agenda based on prior assumptions regarding the context of use and proposed robot application (e.g., Louie et al., 2014, Wu et al., 2012, and Beer et al., 2012).”
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“These studies mainly use interviews and questionnaires completed by potential end users (Beer et al., 2012; Dautenhahn et al., 2005; Lohse, Hegel, & Wrede, 2008; Mahani & Eklundh, 2009).”
BackgroundDevelopment and Comparison of Customized Voice-Assistant Systems for Independent Living Older Adults
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“[2] shows some challenges of elderly care robot in domesticated environments such as house work and human assistance activities.”
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Sääskilahti, K., Kangaskorte, R., Pieskä, S., Jauhiainen, J., & Luimula, M. (2012) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2012.6343810 · Cited by 29
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“lk users and the robots obviously depends on the availability of human-human like interactions in human-robot interactions also [8], [11].”
BackgroundOstrowski, A. K., Harrington, C. N., Breazeal, C., & Park, H. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.716581 · Cited by 26
“Robots are increasingly being proposed as tools to alleviate functional decline and social isolation as older adults age-in-place (Forlizzi et al., 2004; Beer et al., 2012; Smarr et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDomestic Robots for Homecare: A Technology Acceptance Perspective
Ziefle, M., & Valdez, A. S. C. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58530-7_5 · Cited by 26
Elders prefer female robots with a high degree of human likeness
Esposito, A. A., Amorese, T., Cuciniello, M., Pica, I., Riviello, M. T., Troncone, A., Cordasco, G., & Esposito, A. M. (2019) · IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE) · doi:10.1109/isce.2019.8900983 · Cited by 25
“Robots can assist elders in accomplishing several home-based tasks allowing them to continue living independently in their own homes [1], supporting them in executing several daily activities and monitoring their cognitive and health status [2].”
BackgroundA mixed-method approach to evoke creative and holistic thinking about robots in a home environment
Caleb-Solly, P., Dogramadzi, S., Ellender, D., Fear, T., & Heuvel, H. V. D. (2014) · Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction · doi:10.1145/2559636.2559681 · Cited by 36
“The participants identified tasks that are similar to those used by Beer et al. [30] in their questionnaire which corroborate their results indicating how people perceive the robot as being useful for manual cleaning tasks.”
ResultCha, E., Forlizzi, J., & Srinivasa, S. S. (2015) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/2696454.2696465 · Cited by 24
“In the future, we envision domestic robots to perform a wide range of tasks, able to assist people with limited mobility or support aging in place [1, 4, 11].”
BackgroundNeeds and attitudes of Singaporeans towards home service robots: a multi-generational perspective
Xu, Q., Ng, J., Tan, O., & Huang, Z. (2014) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-014-0355-2 · Cited by 24
“[11] developed insights and design guidelines on how robots could help elderly people age in place.”
BackgroundResultMymemory: A mobile memory assistant for people with traumatic brain injury
Chang, C., Hinze, A., Bowen, J., Gilbert, L., & Starkey, N. J. (2018) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.02.006 · Cited by 23
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“It is emphasized that when older adults were asked about their perceptions, they were open to new robotic technologies [73,84,85].”
BackgroundTowards a Robot for Supporting Older People to Stay Longer Independent at Home
Vincze, M., Zagler, W. L., Lammer, L., Weiss, A., Huber, A., Fischinger, D., Körtner, T., Schmid, A., & Gisinger, C. (2014) · International Symposium on Robotics · Cited by 23
Investigating older adults' social networks and coproduction activities for health
Yuan, C. W., Kropczynski, J., Wirth, R. J., Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2017) · International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3154862.3154876 · Cited by 22
“Another common technology intervention is to provide healthcare interventions, such as home robots that assist with house maintenance [4, 27] or assistive technologies that monitor accidents [38].”
BackgroundPetrich, L., Jin, J., Dehghan, M., & Jägersand, M. (2022) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra46639.2022.9811960 · Cited by 21
Li, Y., Abdul‐Rashid, S. H., & Ghazilla, R. A. R. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14052545 · Cited by 21
Marchetti, E., Grimme, S. A., Hornecker, E., Kollakidou, A., & Graf, P. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517463 · Cited by 21
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“as cleaning and organizing [11], or a robotic medication reminder assistant [141], or even as emergency response [57].”
BackgroundUnderstanding Older Adults’ Perceptions of Usefulness for the Paro Robot
McGlynn, S. A., Kemple, S., Mitzner, T. L., King, C., & Rogers, W. A. (2014) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931214581400 · Cited by 22
“, visual, haptic, and auditory declines) in the design of robots should facilitate older adults’ ability to interact with and accept this technology (Beer et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMay, D. C., Holler, K. J., Bethel, C. L., Strawderman, L. J., Carruth, D. W., & Usher, J. M. (2017) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-016-0390-7 · Cited by 21
Huang, T., & Huang, C. (2021) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-205166 · Cited by 20
Affective Human–Robot Interaction
Beer, J. M., Liles, K. R., Wu, X., & Pakala, S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801851-4.00015-x · Cited by 20
Self-citationYuan, C. W., Hanrahan, B. V., Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2018) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2018.1432686 · Cited by 22
Saplacan, D., Khaksar, W., & Tørresen, J. (2021) · IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO) · doi:10.1109/arso51874.2021.9542844 · Cited by 19
Modular Verification of Vehicle Platooning with Respect to Decisions, Space and Time
Kamali, M., Linker, S., & Fisher, M. (2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12988-0_2 · Cited by 18
Enhancing Privacy in Robotics via Judicious Sensor Selection
Eick, S. G., & Antón, A. I. (2020) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra40945.2020.9196983 · Cited by 18
“Beer et al. created design guidelines for mobile manipulator robots to enable aging at home [30].”
BackgroundA Robotic Home Assistant with Memory Aid Functionality
Wieser, I., Toprak, S., Grenzing, A., Hinz, T., Auddy, S., Karaoğuz, E. C., Chandran, A., Remmels, M., Shinawi, A. E., Josifovski, J., et al. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46073-4_8 · Cited by 16
“A study about domestic assistive systems has shown that older adults would prefer robotic assistance over human help to support them in finding lost objects at home [3].”
BackgroundLearning Robust Bed Making using Deep Imitation Learning with DARTPreprint
Laskey, M., Powers, C., Joshi, R., Poursohi, A., & Goldberg, K. Y. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1711.02525 · Cited by 18
Designing Robots for Aging: Wisdom as a Critical Lens
Lee, H. R., & Riek, L. D. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3549531 · Cited by 19
“Thus, most robots focused on compensating for potential human decline, relecting a deicit model of aging [9, 54].”
BackgroundSocial robotic application to support active and healthy ageing
Cooper, S., Fava, A. D., Villacañas, Ó., Silva, T., Fernández-Carbajales, V., Unzueta, L., Serras, M., Marchionni, L., & Ferro, F. (2021) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man50785.2021.9515432 · Cited by 17
Chrysikou, E. G., Biddulph, J. P., Loizides, F., Savvopoulou, E., Rehn-Groenendijk, J., Jones, N., Dennis-Jones, A., Nandi, A., & Tziraki, C. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16145837 · Cited by 16
“According to Beer et al. (2012), physical attributes to assistive robots such as footprint, height, and mass are recommended elements by older people and should be taken into account in the design process.”
Körtner, T., Schmid, A., Batko-Klein, D., Gisinger, C., Huber, A., Lammer, L., & Vincze, M. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34103-8_14 · Cited by 15
Carlson, L. A., Skubic, M., Miller, J. E., Huo, Z., & Alexenko, T. (2014) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12101 · Cited by 15
“The selection of this scenario is motivated by the fact that older adults identify fetch tasks in which the robot retrieves a desired object as one of the top five tasks for assistive devices (Beer et al., 2012).”
BackgroundHarrington, C., Mitzner, T. L., & Rogers, W. A. (2015) · Gerontechnology · doi:10.4017/gt.2015.14.1.004.00 · Cited by 15
“Additionally, these technologies have the ability to automate basic activities through the use of personal robotics and in-home smart systems 54 .”
Self-citationOlder people and robotic technologies in the home
Petrie, H., & Darzentas, J. (2017) · International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA) · doi:10.1145/3056540.3056553 · Cited by 15
“The details of the physical help asked for can be seen to support ageing-in-place [5, 6, 59].”
BackgroundInfluentialPerceptions of socially assistive robots: A pilot study exploring older adults’ concerns
Harrington, E. E., Bishop, A. J., Do, H. M., & Sheng, W. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01627-5 · Cited by 15
“There is some indication that first impressions surrounding the appearance, comfort, and practicality of technology are essential for successful integration (Beer et al., 2012; Charness et al., 2017), whereas others contend that privacy and monitoring capabilities dictate whether clinicians can effectively implement p…”
BackgroundInfluentialImpacts of Robot Learning on User Attitude and Behavior
Moorman, N. M., Hedlund-Botti, E., Schrum, M., Natarajan, M., & Gombolay, M. (2023) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3568162.3576996 · Cited by 14
Android-based speech processing for eldercare robotics
Alexenko, T., Biondo, M., Banisakher, D. M., & Skubic, M. (2013) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/2451176.2451213 · Cited by 13
“INTRODUCTION Recent studies have shown that one of the top five tasks noted by seniors for assistive robots is help with fetching objects, for example, retrieving missing eyeglasses [3], and the preferred form of communication with the robot is speech [7].”
BackgroundVerma, S., Gonthina, P. S., Hawks, Z., Nahar, D., Brooks, J. O., Walker, I. D., Wang, Y., de Aguiar, C., & Green, K. E. (2018) · International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3240925.3240978 · Cited by 13
“Our ambition is informed by wide-ranging input, including furniture design through history [15], and guidelines for designing domestic robots [3].”
BackgroundThe Race Between Cognitive and Artificial Intelligence
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Informal caregivers’ perception of assistive robots in eldercare
Tan, S., Yap, Y.-Y., Tan, S., & Wong, C. K. (2024) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100234 · Cited by 12
Humanoid and android robots in the imaginary of adolescents, young adults and seniors
Esposito, A. A., Cuciniello, M., Amorese, T., Vinciarelli, A., & Cordasco, G. (2022) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-022-03806-z · Cited by 12
“…behaviours, encourage greater social participation, extend their independent living, and ensure active and healthy aging (AHA) while continuing living independently in their homes (Beer et al. 2012; Bishop et al. 2019; Cardinaux et al. 2011; Esposito and Jain 2016a, b; Esposito et al. 2014).”
The Use of Cobots for Disabled and Older Adults
Biton, A., Shoval, S., & Lerman, Y. (2022) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.04.176 · Cited by 12
Evaluating public opinion towards robots: a mixed-method approach
Operto, S. (2019) · Paladyn Journal of Behavioral Robotics · doi:10.1515/pjbr-2019-0023 · Cited by 15
Fasola, J., & Matarić, M. J. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02675-6_50 · Cited by 10
“Spatially-oriented tasks such as fetching and moving objects are commonly referenced among the tasks most desired by non-expert users for household service robots to perform [3].”
BackgroundExtreme human-robot interfaces: Increasing trust and assurance around robots
Ximenes, B. H., Moreira, Í. V. M., & Kelner, J. (2014) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2014.6926384 · Cited by 10
“However, in spite of the crescent introduction of robots in their lives, humans still find it hard to trust and depend on a robot, for a series of reasons [4] that range from creating a psychological dependence of something that is not human to fearing the robot will run out of battery in an emergency.”
BackgroundELDERLY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Zainol, R. B., & Pettit, C. J. (2016) · PLANNING MALAYSIA · doi:10.21837/pmjournal.v14.i5.192 · Cited by 10
Sirithunge, H. P. C., Muthugala, M. A. V. J., Buddhika, A. G., Jayasekara, A. G. B. P., & Chandima, D. P. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE) · doi:10.1109/fuzz-ieee.2017.8015610 · Cited by 10
“Service robots are developed as a solution to the crisis of caregivers with the rapid rise of disabled and elderly population [1]–[3].”
BackgroundSaplacan, D., & Tørresen, J. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05654-3_6 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Beer, J. M., Smarr, C.-A., Chen, T. L., Prakash, A., Mitzner, T. L., Kemp, C. C., & Rogers, W. A.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2012-03-05
- Volume
- 2012
- Pages
- 335-342
- PMC
- PMC6592031
- OpenAlex
- W2113295453
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 32.69
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG017211)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Robotics and Automated Systems
- Keywords
- home robots, assistive robots, aging in place, older adults, needs assessment, robot acceptance, cleaning tasks, mobile manipulators, user preferences, user concerns
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