Design for forgetting: disposing of digital possessions after a breakup
Open accessAbstract
People are increasingly acquiring huge collections of digital possessions. Despite some pleas for 'forgetting', most theorists argue for retaining all these possessions to enhance 'total recall' of our everyday lives. However, there has been little exploration of the negative role of digital possessions when people want to forget aspects of their lives. We report on interviews with 24 people about their possessions after a romantic breakup. We found that digital possessions were often evocative and upsetting in this context, leading to distinct disposal strategies with different outcomes. We advance theory by finding strong evidence for the value of intentional forgetting and provide new data about complex practices associated with the disposal of digital possessions. Our findings led to a number of design implications to help people better manage this process, including automatic harvesting of digital possessions, tools for self-control, artifact crafting as sense-making, and digital spaces for shared possessions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Active curation is preferable to no curation from the standpoint of autobiographical remembering because unorganized collections of an abundance of data make finding relevant information more complicated and because meaning-making requires prioritizing some aspects of one's life over others.
“In previous research, it has been argued that active curation is preferable to no curation from the standpoint of autobiographical remembering because unorganized collections of an abundance of data make finding relevant information more complicated and because meaning-making requires prioritizing some aspects of one's life over others (Kalnikait_ e et al., 2010;Sas & Whittaker, 2013;Whittaker et”
From Understanding Autobiographical Memory in the Digital Age: The AMEDIA-Model (2024) · cites this paper as Sas & Whittaker, 2013
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Possessions and the Extended Self
Belk, R. W. (1988) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209154 · Cited by 9,064 · see citing works
Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1990) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261737 · Cited by 3,194 · see citing works
Forgetting as a feature, not a bug: the dualityof memory and implications for ubiquitous computing
Bannon, L. J. (2006) · CoDesign · doi:10.1080/15710880600608230 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 26
- Bannon, L. Forgetting as a feature, not a bug: the duality of memory and implications for ubiqcomp. CoDesign, 2, 1 (2006), 3-15.
- Bridges, W. Transitions. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1980.
- Field, N.P., Nichols C., Holen, A., Horowitz, M.J. The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement.. J Consult Clin Psychol 6, 2 (1999), 212-218.
- Gershon, I. Un-Friend My Heart. Anthropological Quarterly 84, 4 (2011), 867-896.
- Jacoby, J., Berning, C. K and Dietvorst, T.F. What About Disposal? Journal of Marketing 41, (1977), 22-28.
- Joslyn, S.L, Oakes, M.A. Directed forgetting of autobiographical events. Memory & Cognition; 33, 4 (2005), 577-587.
- Kirk, D.S. and Sellen, A. 2010. On human remains. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 17, 3 (2010), 1-43.
- Lampe, C., Ellison, N. and Steinfield, C. A face(book) in the crowd, Proc. CSCW 2006. ACM Press (2006), 167-170.
- Lastovicka, J.L, Fernandez, K. V. Three Paths to Disposal: The Movement of Meaningful Possessions to Strangers. Journal of Consumer Research 31, 4, (2005), 813-823.
- Le Dantec, C.A., Farrell, R.G., Christensen, J.E., Bailey, M., Ellis, J.B., Kellogg, W.A. and Edwards, W.K.. Publics in practice. In Proc. CHI 2011, ACM Press (2011), 1687-1696.
- Lukacs, V. A., It's Complicated: Romantic Breakups and Their Aftermath on Facebook (2012). Master thesis. The Univ. of Western Ontario, Canada
- Massimi, M., and Baecker, R.M. Dealing with death in design: developing systems for the bereaved. In Proc. CHI 2011, ACM Press (2011), 1001-1010.
- Massimi, M., Dimond, J.P., and Le Dantec, C.A. Finding a new normal: the role of technology in life disruptions. In Proc. CSCW 2012, ACM Press (2012), 719-728.
- Massimi, M., Odom, W., Banks, R., and Kirk, D. Matters of life and death. In Proc.CHI 2011. ACM Press (2011), 987-996.
- McAlexander, James H. Divorce, the Disposal of the Relationship, and Everything. Advances in Consumer Research 18 (1991), 43-48.
- Neustaedter, C. and Greenberg, S. Intimacy in long-distance relationships over video chat. In Proc. CHI 2012, ACM Press (2012), 753-762.
- Odom, W. and Pierce, J. Improving with Age: Designing Enduring Interactive Products. Ext. Abstracts CHI 2009, ACM Press (2009), 3793-3798.
- Odom, W., Banks, R., Kirk, D., Harper, H., Lindley, S. and Sellen, A. Technology heirlooms?. Proc. CHI 2012, ACM Press (2012), 337-346.
- Odom, W., Harper, R., Sellen, A., Kirk, D. and Banks, R. Passing on & putting to rest. In Proc. CHI 2010, ACM Press (2010), 1831-1840.
- Odom, W., Pierce, J., Stolterman, E. and Blevis, E. Understanding why we preserve some things and discard others in the context of interaction design. In Proc. CHI 2009, ACM Press (2009), 1053-1062.
- Odom, W., Zimmerman, J., and Forlizzi, J. Teenagers and their virtual possessions: design opportunities and issues. In Proc.CHI 2011, ACM Press (2011), 1491-1500.
- Petrelli, D. and Whittaker, S. Family Memories in the Home: Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 14 (2010), 153-169.
- Sas, C., Dix, A., Hart, J., and Su, R. Emotional experience on facebook. Ext. Abstracts CHI 2009. ACM Press (2009), 4345-4350.
- Sellen, A.J. and Whittaker, S. Beyond total capture: a constructive critique of lifelogging. Commun. ACM 53, 5 (2010), 70-77.
- Whittaker, S. and Sidner, C. Email overload: exploring personal information management of email. In Proc. CHI 1996, ACM Press (1996), 276-283.
- Worden, J. W. Grief counseling and grief therapy. Springer, New York, USA, 1982.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
For You, or For"You"?: Everyday LGBTQ+ Encounters with TikTok
Simpson, E., & Semaan, B. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3432951 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Memory Manipulations in Extended Reality
Bonnail, E., Tseng, W.-J., Mcgill, M., Lecolinet, E., Huron, S., & Gugenheimer, J. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580988 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Leckfor, C. M., Wood, N. R., Slatcher, R. B., & Hales, A. H. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221149955 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Understanding Autobiographical Memory in the Digital Age: The AMEDIA-Model
Hutmacher, F., Appel, M., & Schwan, S. (2024) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2024.2384125 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sas, C., & Whittaker, S.
- Affiliations
- Lancaster University (GB)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2013-04-27
- Pages
- 1823-1832
- OpenAlex
- W2160932791
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 9.23
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.lancs.ac.uk
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- VINNOVA (2011-03460)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
- Keywords
- intentional forgetting, romantic breakup, self-control, sensemaking, automatic harvesting, design implications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review