Understanding Autobiographical Memory in the Digital Age: The AMEDIA-Model
Open accessAbstract
Recent technological developments have led to an increased density of recorded life episodes. To understand how creating and sharing such immense amounts of data shapes the way individuals remember their past, we propose a model for autobiographical memory in the digital age (AMEDIA-Model) that systematizes the existing literature and sketches avenues for future research. The model views autobiographical remembering in the digital age as the result of the iterative process of combining information stored in the mind and information stored in the environment using high-tech applications. Moreover, the way autobiographical memories are (re-)constructed crucially depends on the way the information has been encoded and curated: Autobiographical remembering in the digital age is not a uniform process but is fundamentally shaped by the technology and the data that is being used. The AMEDIA-Model offers a framework for understanding technology-mediated human cognition in the twenty-first century.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper proposes the AMEDIA-Model, which frames autobiographical remembering in the digital age as an iterative process combining information stored in the mind and in the environment via high-tech devices and applications. It argues that remembering is not uniform but is shaped by how information is encoded, curated, and retrieved, and by the specific technology and data involved.
Key findings
- The AMEDIA-Model distinguishes internal autobiographical memory—organized hierarchically from individual memories to general events, lifetime periods, themes, and a life story—from external resources, which include social, low-tech, and high-tech aids. High-tech resources are said to increase the density of recorded life episodes, create searchable multimedia databases, and allow access anywhere at any time.
- The model separates three process components: encoding, curation, and retrieval. Encoding is shaped by dimensions such as digital substitutes versus innovative tools, qualitative versus quantitative data, active versus passive recording, intentional versus incidental encoding, and public versus private intended audience; curation can be human or algorithmic; retrieval can be intentional, incidental, or algorithmically triggered.
- The paper reports digital-age scale statistics: approximately five billion people worldwide are active on the Internet and approximately 4.65 billion are social media users; in each minute of 2023, users sent about 241 million emails, 41.6 million WhatsApp messages, and 360,000 tweets, shared about 694,000 Instagram reels via direct messages, and liked 4 million Facebook posts.
- It argues that external records can augment recollection, reminiscing, reflection, and narration, but also raises risks including dependency on digital records, undermined adaptive forgetting, privacy and surveillance concerns, data permanence and format obsolescence problems, rumination, and algorithmic shaping of life narratives.
Methods
- Theoretical/conceptual paper: it proposes the AMEDIA-Model by integrating existing empirical evidence and previously unrelated theory on nontechnological autobiographical memory and technology-mediated remembering; no new empirical data are collected.
- The review is organized around structural components (internal autobiographical memory and external resources) and process components (encoding, curation, retrieval), with dimensions and future research directions sketched throughout.
- No sample, experimental manipulation, or statistical analysis is reported; the paper states that research on autobiographical memory in the digital age is still relatively limited and that it sometimes provides informed speculations rather than empirically substantiated answers.
Limitations
- The paper states that research on autobiographical memory in the digital age is still relatively limited, that it sometimes offers informed speculations and sketches future research rather than empirically substantiated answers, that the dimensions presented are not exhaustive, and that testing the entire model in a single study would be too ambitious.
- Evident from the text: the AMEDIA-Model is not empirically tested here, no primary data are analyzed, and many proposed links and dimensions await empirical validation.
- The paper also notes a significant digital divide within and across societies, meaning not everyone has equal access to the technology or skills, and it states that long-term effects over years and decades remain unknown.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
41 of 201 cited sources checked · 24 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The recorded content can often be accessed anywhere at any time.
“In addition, the recorded content can often be accessed anywhere at any time (Elsden, Kirk, et al., 2016;Heersmink, 2020)”
- Also stated in: § External Resources for Autobiographical Remembering · plain
“fourth, this database can often be accessed anywhere at any time (e.g., because it is stored one one's smartphone or in a cloud system).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked - Also stated in: § External Resources for Autobiographical Remembering · plain
- Premisecitation
Social media and the internet allow sharing information about one's life with a broader audience, which sets them apart from some other high-tech resources.
“Third, social media and the internet allow sharing information about one's life with a broader audience, which sets them apart from some of the other high-tech resources (cf.Stone & Zwolinski, 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Stone & Zwolinski, 2022 source
- Premisecitation
Qualitative data give users more room for interpretation and for reconstructing past events than quantitative data, because they provide richer and more diverse information about autobiographical events, including perceptual details and insights into thoughts and motivations.
“qualitative data give users even more room for interpretation and for reconstructing past events (Elsden, Kirk, et al., 2016), arguably because they provide richer and more diverse information about autobiographical events, including perceptual details”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Elsden, Kirk, et al., 2016 source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Most studies that have investigated the effects of high-tech external resources on recollection focused on the impact of reviewing photos.
“Most studies that have investigated the effects of high-tech external resources on recollection focused on the impact of reviewing photos (see, e.g., Finley et al., 2011;Mair et al., 2017;Martin et al., 2022; for reviews, see Foley, 2020;Silva et al., 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites Finley et al., 2011 source
- cites Mair et al., 2017 source
- cites Martin et al., 2022 source
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes a substantial body of research on reviewing photographs from wearable cameras, supporting the background point. But Martin et al.’s own intervention replayed video paired with verbal descriptions, not photos, so this paper is not itself an example of a photo-review study. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Having access to photos documenting one's life can help to reconstruct past experiences that are not accessible in unaided recall.
“Generally speaking, these studies indicate that having access to photos documenting one's life can help to reconstruct past experiences that are not accessible in unaided recall.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites Finley et al., 2011 source
- cites Mair et al., 2017 source
- cites Martin et al., 2022 source
The Discussion reports that replaying recordings of daily-life events improved older adults’ recall of event-specific details. But the recordings included video and verbal descriptions, and the Results describe cued recall in both conditions; the study did not directly compare access to photos with unaided recall or establish that the recovered experiences were otherwise inaccessible. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Intentionally remembering autobiographical events can be driven by a wide range of different goals and motivations, such as regulating one's emotions (self function), wanting to solve a certain problem (directive function), or sharing information with others (social function).
“As research has shown (Rasmussen & Berntsen, 2011; see also Bluck et al., 2005), intentionally remembering autobiographical events can be driven by a wide range of different goals and motivations, such as, regulating one's emotions (self function), wanting to solve a certain problem (directive function), or sharing information with others (social function).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Young individuals will typically change the content that they store and share when their identity changes as they grow older.
“it has been observed that young individuals will typically change the content that they store and share when their identity changes as they grow older (e.g., Davis, 2010;Weinstein et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Davis, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Weinstein et al., 2015
The discussion (p. 98) says young people’s interests and willingness to share civic identities online may change over time, and the Conclusion says their expression changes as they move into adulthood. But the paper studies online civic expression, not content young people store generally, and treats identity development as a possible explanation rather than an established cause of typical changes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Information shared on social networking sites gives rise to upward social comparisons, which can have negative effects on well-being and mental health.
“the information that is shared on social networking sites gives rise to upward social comparisons, which can have negative effects on well-being and mental health (Verduyn et al., 2020; for meta-analyses, see Yang et al., 2019;Yoon et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
The way individuals encode, curate, and retrieve external information might change across the lifespan, possibly in line with processes of identity formation and identity development.
“the way individuals encode, curate, and retrieve external information might change across the lifespan, possibly in line with processes of identity formation and identity development (cf.Davis & Weinstein, 2017;Manago, 2015;Soh et al., 2024).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Davis & Weinstein, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Manago, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Soh et al., 2024 source
The Introduction and §2.3.2 (Manipulation) connect identity development with how young people select digital environments and present information about themselves. The paper does not establish that encoding or retrieving external information changes across the lifespan; its focus is adolescence and young adulthood, so the broader lifespan and information-processing parts are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
Individuals are embedded in a memory ecology, in which they are never really separated from their social and inanimate environment.
“individuals are embedded in a memory ecology (Hoskins, 2016; see also Stone & Zwolinski, 2022), in which they are never really separated from their social and inanimate environment (cf.Hirst & Stone, 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Digital data that is being encoded and curated does not only document and express a personal but also a social identity.
“digital data that is being encoded and curated does not only document and express a personal but also a social identity (cf.Barker & Rodriguez, 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Barker & Rodriguez, 2019
The Abstract (p. 1145) says the study examined how selfies signify personal and social identity, and the Social Identity Theory section describes both kinds of identity cues appearing on social media. This supports the claim for selfies, but the paper does not establish it for encoded and curated digital data generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
There are potential downsides to possessing a detailed digital record of one's life.
“Despite the positive effects that possessing a detailed digital record of one's life might have, there are also potential downsides (cf.Hutmacher et al., 2023).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hutmacher et al., 2023 source
- Premisecitation
Selfies can also be used as a means to negotiate social roles and societal expectations.
“they can also be used as a means to negotiate social roles and societal expectations (e.g., in the case of motherhood; see Gawro� nska & Sikorska, 2023;Holmes & Atkins, 2023).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Gawro� nska & Sikorska, 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Holmes & Atkins, 2023 source
- Premisecitation
Thinking about one's past can lead to rumination, that is, perseverative cognition circling around negative events and emotions.
“thinking about one's past does not necessarily have to be an enriching experience-as described in the previous section-but can also lead to rumination, that is, to perseverative cognition circling around negative events and emotions (Eikey et al., 2021).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Eikey et al., 2021 source
- Interpretationreasoning
The digital age could lead to a fundamental transformation of autobiographical remembering.
“the digital age could lead to a fundamental transformation of autobiographical remembering.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Heersmink & Carter, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kalnikait_ e & Whittaker, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Hutmacher et al., 2023 source
- Premisecitation
Individuals engage in reminiscing when browsing through their social media profiles and the photos stored on their smartphones.
“It has been observed that individuals engage in reminiscing when browsing through their social media profiles and the photos stored on their smartphones (Cosley et al., 2012;van Gennip et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Cosley et al., 2012 source
The Abstract reports insights into people’s reminiscing practices in social media, supporting that part of the claim. It does not establish that people reminisce specifically by browsing their profiles, and the available copy says nothing about photos stored on smartphones. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites van Gennip et al., 2015 source
The Discussion reports that most social-media users recalled instances of reminiscing prompted by social media. It also says several participants enjoyed browsing photos on their phones, but this produced no diary entries documenting reminiscing; the authors suggest it may have been a voluntary activity. The Digital versus physical cues section describes encounters with social-media posts, not specifically browsing one's own profile. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Findings on human memory obtained in experimental and laboratory settings do not always generalize to more ecologically valid real-life settings.
“it has repeatedly been observed that findings on human memory obtained in experimental and laboratory settings do not always generalize to more ecologically valid real-life settings (e.g., Haas et al., 2022;Wank et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Haas et al., 2022 source
- cites Wank et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Individuals with psychiatric diagnoses remember fewer specific and more general memories compared to individuals without a psychiatric diagnosis (overgeneral memory).
“On the other hand, it has been observed that individuals with psychiatric diagnoses remember fewer specific and more general memories compared to individuals without a psychiatric diagnosis (overgeneral memory; for a meta-analysis, see Barry et al., 2021).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Barry et al., 2021 source
- Premisecitation
Concerns regarding data privacy resulting from tech companies collecting information might keep users from fully exhausting the options that the available technology offers.
“In turn, the concerns regarding data privacy resulting from this might keep users from fully exhausting the options that the available technology offers (cf.Hutmacher et al., 2023).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hutmacher et al., 2023 source
The General Discussion (page unavailable) says privacy and data-protection concerns led several participants not to record personal information and could prevent people from using smart-journaling technologies. This supports the claim that privacy concerns may limit use, but the passages do not specifically identify tech companies’ collection of information as the cause of those concerns. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Rests on an assumption: The business model of many tech companies involves collecting as much information about individual users as possible.
- Premisecitation
Individuals can be relatively easily tricked into believing that fictitious events have actually taken place.
“Given that several decades of empirical research have impressively demonstrated that individuals can be relatively easily tricked into believing that fictitious events have actually taken place (cf.Loftus, 2005), the possibility to willingly fake our personal past using digital technologies offers a worrying outlook into the future.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Loftus, 2005 source
- Interpretationreasoning
The shared memory of the last summer vacation is the result of the memories of individuals working in concert.
“In other words, the shared memory of the last summer vacation is the result of the memories of individuals working in concert.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Information on which we decide to focus our attention will be remembered better.
“and that information on which we decide to focus our attention (e.g., because we find it important) will be remembered better (Aly & Turk-Browne, 2017;Driver, 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationnone given
Encoding autobiographical information is always a matter of selection.
“Encoding autobiographical information is always a matter of selection.1 This applies to both internally and externally encoding.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The recorded content can be searched and analyzed.
“and can be searched and analyzed (cf.Clowes, 2013;Eliseev & Marsh, 2021).”
- Also stated in: § External Resources for Autobiographical Remembering · plain
“second, they lead to a searchable database (because the recorded data is available in a digital format);”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Also stated in: § External Resources for Autobiographical Remembering · plain
- Premisereasoning
The combination of individual memories in a joint communicative effort can help to create a more complete, more detailed, and more diverse memory of the things that happened during the vacation.
“As each individual remembers certain aspects or details that the other individuals do not remember, the combination of the individual memories in a joint communicative effort can help to create a more complete, more detailed, and more diverse memory of the things that happened during the vacation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The stored information typically represents a combination of different media sources, including written text, photos, videos, and audio recordings.
“Moreover, the stored information typically represents a combination of different media sources, including but not limited to written text, photos, videos, and audio recordings (Konrad et al., 2016).”
- Also stated in: § External Resources for Autobiographical Remembering · plain
“third, this digital database consists of a combination of different media sources (e.g., photos, videos, audio recordings, text, quantitative parameters);”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Konrad et al., 2016 source
- Also stated in: § External Resources for Autobiographical Remembering · plain
- Interpretationcitation
The immersive potential of qualitative information may reach unprecedented levels using virtual reality environments that can simulate the multimodality and vividness of real-life experiences.
“Notably, the immersive potential of qualitative information may reach unprecedented levels using virtual reality environments that can simulate the multimodality and vividness of real-life experiences (Kisker et al., 2021;Sch€ one et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Kisker et al., 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Sch€ one et al., 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The way an individual remembers autobiographical events in the digital age may crucially depend on the kind of external resource being used and the kind of data being recorded.
“These three examples already make it clear that the way an individual remembers autobiographical events in the digital age may crucially depend on the kind of external resource being used and the kind of data being recorded;”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Autobiographical memories can be woven into a life story.
“On the highest level of abstraction, autobiographical memories can be woven into a life story.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Humans have created external records to support remembering for thousands of years, ranging from oral traditions and cave paintings to archives, monuments, bodily practices, and printed books.
“Quite the contrary, humans have created external records to support remembering for thousands of years, ranging from oral traditions and cave paintings to archives, monuments, bodily practices, and printed books (cf.Donald, 1991Donald, , 2001; for a more recent overview, see Heersmink, in press).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Donald, 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Heersmink, in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Transactive memory systems can also be used intentionally by deciding who will try to remember what.
“Importantly, transactive memory systems can also be used intentionally by deciding who will try to remember what (e.g., based on the individuals' expertise).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wegner et al., 1985 source
- Premisecitation
Humans make use of external resources or external memory aids in the process of constructing and reconstructing memories.
“In the process of constructing and reconstructing memories, humans make use of external resources or external memory aids.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Donald, 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Heersmink, in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Autobiographical memories do not exist in isolation but are integrated into larger and hierarchically structured units.
“Importantly, autobiographical memories do not exist in isolation but are integrated into larger and hierarchically structured units.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Recent technological developments have led to an increased density of recorded life episodes.
“Recent technological developments have led to an increased density of recorded life episodes.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Maybe most importantly, the fact that great amounts of personal data can easily be stored and shared leads to an increased density of recorded life episodes (Heersmink & Carter, 2020;Kalnikait_ e & Whittaker, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Heersmink & Carter, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kalnikait_ e & Whittaker, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisecitation
Individuals may also refer to and make use of abstract knowledge about their lives (personal semantics) including autobiographical facts and self-knowledge when engaging in autobiographical remembering.
“Beside these autobiographical memories in a narrower sense, however, individuals may also refer to and make use of abstract knowledge about their lives (i.e., personal semantics; Renoult et al., 2012) including autobiographical facts (e.g.,”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Renoult et al., 2012 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
The content and especially the interpretation of autobiographical memories is not fixed but may change, depending on our individual goals as well as the themes that are important at a particular point in our life.
“This also implies that the content and especially the interpretation of autobiographical memories is not fixed but may change, depending on our individual goals as well as the themes that are important at a particular point in our life (Conway, 2005):”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Conway, 2005 source
- Premisecitation
Emotional events are preferentially encoded compared to neutral events.
“As far as internal autobiographical memory is concerned, it is well known, for instance, that emotional events are preferentially encoded compared to neutral events (Ochsner, 2000;Qasim et al., 2023)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ochsner, 2000 source
- cites Qasim et al., 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Most, if not all, high-tech external resources share certain characteristics and affordances.
“Second, using the term”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gibson, 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All high-tech external resources share certain characteristics: they tend to increase the density of recorded life episodes and contribute to creating a searchable database consisting of a combination of different media sources that can often be accessed anywhere at any time.
- Interpretationreasoning
As a result of social interaction, shared memory may have properties that were not already contained in the individual memories.
“As a result of the social interaction, this shared memory may have properties that were not already contained in the individual memories.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Autobiographical remembering in the digital age is the result of the iterative process of combining information stored in the mind and information stored in the environment using high-tech devices and applications.
“The model views autobiographical remembering in the digital age as the result of the iterative process of combining information stored in the mind and information stored in the environment using high-tech applications.”
- Also stated in: § Model Overview · plain
“Crucially, we propose that internal autobiographical memories and external records work in concert to bring about autobiographical remembering; that is, autobiographical remembering in the digital age can be viewed as the result of the iterative process of combining information stored in the mind and information stored in the environment using high-tech devices and applications (for similar ideas,”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“we view autobiographical remembering in the digital age as the result of the iterative process of combining information stored in the mind and information stored in the environment using high-tech devices and applications.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Sch€ onpflug, 1986a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Sch€ onpflug & Esser, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Finley et al., 2018 source
- The authors state this as an assumption: Internal autobiographical memories and external records work in concert to bring about autobiographical remembering.
- Also stated in: § Model Overview · plain
- Interpretationreasoning
Autobiographical remembering in the digital age is not a uniform process but is fundamentally shaped by the technology and the data that is being used.
“Autobiographical remembering in the digital age is not a uniform process but is fundamentally shaped by the technology and the data that is being used.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Autobiographical remembering is a highly constructive and reconstructive process.
“As these considerations make clear, autobiographical remembering is a highly constructive and reconstructive process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The consequences of using these tools for autobiographical remembering are likely to depend on the characteristics of the specific platform.
“Notably, the consequences of using these tools for autobiographical remembering are likely to depend on the characteristics of the specific platform.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Intentionally encoding information in external resources for later retrieval is an effortful process that requires attention.
“Taken together, this suggests that intentionally encoding information in external resources for later retrieval is an effortful process that requires attention (cf.Marsh & Rajaram, 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Marsh & Rajaram, 2019 source
- Premisecitation
When individuals aim at using a social networking site such as Facebook, which is optimized for public self-presentation, also for creating a personal archive of their lives, they may struggle to balance these different purposes.
“Interestingly, this can also lead to conflicts: When individuals aim at using a social networking site such as Facebook, which is optimized for public self-presentation, also for creating a personal archives of their lives, they may struggle to balance these different purposes (Zhao et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhao et al., 2013 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Qualitative information that has been actively encoded and publicly shared may contribute to autobiographical remembering in an entirely different manner than quantitative information that has been passively encoded and kept private.
“To give but one example, qualitative information that has been actively encoded and publicly shared (e.g., Instagram stories) may contribute to autobiographical remembering in entirely different manner than quantitative information that has been passively encoded and kept private (e.g., running statistics, data collected by wearables).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
To a certain degree, algorithmic curation tools are already in use.
“To a certain degree, such tools are already in use (cf.Jacobsen, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jacobsen, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Posting on social media is often not so much driven by mnemonic goals but rather by social motivations.
“In a similar vein, posting on social media is often not so much driven by mnemonic goals but rather by social motivations (e.g., informing others about one's experiences; cf.Stone et al., 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stone et al., 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Externally recorded information is not necessarily simply kept in a digital storage space until retrieval but can be changed, rearranged, and reorganized.
“In our AMEDIA-Model, we have replaced the term”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Deleting relationship-related photos seems to reduce the distress experienced after a breakup.
“Indeed, deleting relationship-related photos seems to reduce the distress experienced after a breakup (McDaniel et al., 2021).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McDaniel et al., 2021 source
- Interpretationnone given
Individuals may decide to enhance and change recorded content, for instance by adding filters to photos.
“First, individuals may decide to enhance and change recorded content, for instance by adding filters to photos.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Individuals may browse externally recorded information for purposes unrelated to autobiographical remembering but stumble upon something that makes them engage in remembering.
“For example, individuals may browse the externally recorded information for purposes unrelated to autobiographical remembering (e.g., in order to find a document that a colleague sent some time ago) but stumble upon something that makes them engage in remembering.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Criteria that individuals find most important when manually selecting photos (such as personal relevance or a high probability to evoke memories) are precisely the criteria that are difficult to evaluate and predict for an algorithm.
“For instance, it has been observed that those criteria that individuals find most important when manually selecting photos (such as personal relevance or a high probability to evoke memories) are precisely the criteria that are difficult to evaluate and predict for an algorithm (Ceroni et al., 2015; see also Kuzovkin et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationnone given
Individual users of digital technologies can combine quantitative and qualitative data to acquire a more nuanced picture of their past.
“Of course, individual users of digital technologies can combine quantitative and qualitative data (e.g., by adding text and photos to the tracked itinerary of one's last summer vacation) to acquire a more nuanced picture of their past.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Storing externally recorded information is not necessarily passive but can be deeply reconstructive as well.
“In other words, while it is commonly accepted that the retrieval of autobiographical memories is a reconstructive process, we additionally emphasize that storing externally recorded information is not necessarily passive but can be deeply reconstructive as well.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Creating representational scripts may facilitate later recall, as individuals will know where to look for the stored information.
“Moreover, it may also facilitate later recall, as individuals will know where to look for the stored information.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Remembering does not have to be planned but can also be incidental or unvoluntary.
“However, remembering does not have to be planned but can also be incidental or unvoluntary:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Many of the photos that individuals take are never looked at again, slowly being forgotten on old smartphones and hard drives.
“Many of the photos that individuals take are never looked at again, slowly being forgotten on old smartphones and hard drives (Whittaker et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Whittaker et al., 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Creating representational scripts reduces cognitive load, as it frees the individual from the necessity to evaluate the appropriateness of a given external store for known situations.
“Creating such representational scripts (cf.Esser, 1996) reduces cognitive load, as it frees the individual from the necessity to evaluate the appropriateness of a given external store for known situations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Esser, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The more important it seems to a person in the moment of experience to recall an experience later, the more likely they will rely on an external resource.
“First, the importance of recall: The more important it seems to a person in the moment of experience to recall this experience at a later point in time, the more likely they will rely on an external resource.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Esser, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Individuals are willing to engage in this effortful process when they expect that the recorded information will serve one of the functions of autobiographical memory (self, social, directive).
“Recent studies suggest that individuals are willing to engage in this effortful process when they expect that the recorded information will serve one of the functions of autobiographical memory described above (Stone et al., 2022; see also Broekhuijsen et al., 2017;Choe et al., 2014;Elsden, Durrant, et al., 2016;Finley et al., 2018;Soares & Storm, 2022).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Individuals can intentionally forget and suppress autobiographical memories.
“Interestingly, it has been shown that individuals can intentionally forget and suppress autobiographical memories (Barnier et al., 2007;Joslyn & Oakes, 2005;Noreen & MacLeod, 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Much of the information that individuals store in high-tech external resources and that can be used for reconstructing one's past is recorded incidentally, without the intention of creating a permanent archive that can be consulted later.
“Notably, however, much of the information that individuals store in high-tech external resources and that can be used for reconstructing one's past is recorded incidentally, that is, without the intention of creating a permanent archive that can be consulted later.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The primary purpose of instant messaging services such as WhatsApp is to have conversations with other people.
- Premisecitation
Publicly shared information is often optimized for self-presentation and consequently more selective.
“First, publicly shared information is often optimized for self-presentation and consequently more selective (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Marsh & Rajaram, 2019 source
- Premisecitation
Captured data need to be curated in order to become meaningful.
“In fact, it has repeatedly been demonstrated that the captured data need to be curated in order to become meaningful (Banks, 2011;van den Hoven et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Banks, 2011
- cites van den Hoven et al., 2012 source
- Premisecitation
The fact that information shared online tends to be curated more carefully, which includes reflecting about an event's meaning and key components, leads to a better internal memory for these events compared to information that is not shared.
“Second, the fact that the information shared online tends to be curated more carefully, which also includes reflecting about an event's meaning as well as its key components, leads to a better internal memory for these events compared to information that is not shared (Johnson & Morley, 2021;Wang et al., 2017; see also Stone & Wang, 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Johnson & Morley, 2021 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites Wang et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Stone & Wang, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given
Autobiographical remembering based on information stored in high-tech external resources can be intentional, incidental, or triggered.
“Briefly put, autobiographical remembering based on the information that has been stored in high-tech external resources can be intentional, incidental, or triggered.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Sometimes some degree of curation is already achieved through encoding; individuals purposefully decide which photos to take or what to post on social media, automatically limiting the kind of data that can be used later for reconstructing past memories.
“Of course, sometimes some degree of curation is already achieved through encoding; that is, individuals purposefully decide which photos to take or what to post on social media, automatically limiting the kind of data that can be used later for reconstructing past memories (cf.Zhao et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhao et al., 2013 source
- Interpretationcitation
Active curation seems to be used less frequently than one might intuitively assume given its importance for later remembering.
“Interestingly, however, active curation seems to be used less frequently than one might intuitively assume given its importance for later remembering.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The most prominent motivation behind sharing autobiographical information online seems to be related to social goals.
“While experiences may be shared for purposes related to the self and memory (self function; e.g., documenting autobiographical events, recording thoughts and feelings) or to achieve a certain directive goal (directive function; e.g., sharing useful information, influencing the way other people think), for instance, the most prominent motivation behind sharing autobiographical information online”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stone et al., 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Seeing the digital traces of the lives of others may give rise to the feeling that one's own life is comparably shallow and boring.
“seeing the digital traces of the lives of others may give rise to the feeling that one's own life is comparably shallow and boring.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Processes of autobiographical remembering and meaning-making are often associated with social interactions.
“processes of autobiographical remembering and meaning-making are often associated with social interactions (Grysman et al., 2024;Nelson & Fivush, 2004;Pasupathi & Wainryb, 2010)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
For the problem of increased density undermining forgetting to occur, the information stored in high-tech external resources needs to be permanent and non-editable.
“For this problem to occur, the information stored in high-tech external resources needs to be permanent and non-editable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
There certainly is externally recorded information that is permanent, such as information that others have shared about oneself on social media.
“there certainly is externally recorded information that is permanent (”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Eichhorn, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The mere presence of a digital record does not disrupt memory processes that help individuals to uphold a positive self-image.
“there is evidence indicating that the mere presence of a digital record does not disrupt memory processes that help individuals to uphold a positive self-image (Konrad et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Konrad et al., 2016 source
- Premisecitation
Quantitative data can also serve as a starting point for reminiscing, especially when they have been visualized in the form of maps or charts.
“However, quantitative data can also serve as a starting point for reminiscing, especially when they have been visualized in the form of maps or charts (Thudt et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thudt et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
There is at least some preliminary evidence (from vignette studies) indicating that individuals prefer technology-mediated to unmediated reminiscing.
“Interestingly, there is at least some preliminary evidence (from vignette studies) indicating that individuals prefer technology-mediated to unmediated reminiscing (Uhde & Hassenzahl, 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Uhde & Hassenzahl, 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
There is a close connection between mediated memory practices and collective memory.
“there is a close connection between mediated memory practices and collective memory:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Neiger, 2020 source
- Premisecitation
Mobile sensing, that is, using quantitative data from smartphones or wearables as tracked by onboard sensors, could provide an important add-on to currently applied methods.
“mobile sensing, that is, using quantitative data from smartphones or wearables as tracked by onboards sensors could provide an important add-on to currently applied methods (for an overview, see Harari & Gosling, 2023).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Harari & Gosling, 2023 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Taking the line of reasoning that internal memories and external records work in concert seriously would imply a clear divergence from the way many researchers still approach human memory and remembering.
“Taking this line of reasoning seriously would imply a clear divergence from the way many researchers still approach human memory and remembering.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Internal autobiographical memories and external records work in concert to bring about autobiographical remembering.
- Interpretationreasoning
The degree to which autobiographical remembering depends on external records may vary across situations.
“the degree to which autobiographical remembering depends on external records may vary across situations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Externally recorded information plays a key role for establishing, representing, and rearranging family narratives.
“externally recorded information plays a key role for establishing, representing, and rearranging family narratives (e.g., Petrelli et al., 2014)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Petrelli et al., 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Using digital media in general and externally recording information about one's life in particular must also have positive effects for individuals that somewhat counterbalance the negative effects.
“This suggests, however, that using digital media in general and externally recording information about one's life in particular must also have positive effects for individuals that somewhat counterbalance the negative effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Available data support the idea that externally recorded digital information does not merely serve as a cue but is used in an iterative process to stimulate reflection and narration.
“In line with the predictions made in our AMEDIA-Model, the available data support the idea that the externally recorded digital information does not merely serve as a cue but is used in an iterative process to stimulate reflection and narration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Internal autobiographical memories and external records work in concert to bring about autobiographical remembering.
- Interpretationreasoning
The way autobiographical memories are constructed and reconstructed crucially depends on the way the information has been encoded and curated.
“the way autobiographical memories are constructed and reconstructed crucially also depends on the way the information has been encoded and curated”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
External records not accompanied by autonoetic consciousness might still be counted as autobiographical facts or personal semantics that play a role in constructing life narratives.
“they might still be counted as autobiographical facts or personal semantics that also play a role in constructing our life narratives”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Autobiographical remembering in the digital age is not a uniform process but is fundamentally shaped by the kinds of technology and the kinds of data that are being used.
“autobiographical remembering in the digital age is not a uniform process but is fundamentally shaped by the kinds of technology and the kinds of data that are being used.”
- Also stated in: § Ethical Considerations: From the Empirical to the Normative · plain
“To begin with, we have emphasized that autobiographical remembering in the digital age is not a uniform process but is fundamentally shaped by the kinds of technology and the kinds of data that are being used.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“Autobiographical remembering in the digital age is namely not a uniform process but is fundamentally shaped by the kinds of technology and the kinds of data that are being used.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Ethical Considerations: From the Empirical to the Normative · plain
- Interpretationcitation
The fact that much recorded information is never looked at again and the sheer amount of data may prevent individuals from meaningful interaction with stored content could limit the transformative power of modern technologies.
“the fact that much of the recorded information is never looked at again and that the sheer amount of data may prevent individuals from a meaningful interaction with the stored content (cf.Dang-Nguyen et al., 2018;Whittaker et al., 2010) could also limit the transformative power of modern technologies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Dang-Nguyen et al., 2018 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites Whittaker et al., 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Beautifying practices go beyond superficial changes and may include significant modifications (such as adjusting the shape of the nose or the contour of the jawline).
“Crucially, these beautifying practices go beyond superficial changes (such as adjusting color saturation) and may include significant modifications (such as adjusting the shape of the nose or the contour of the jawline).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Appel et al., 2023 source
- Premisecitation
Storage and file formats have undergone constant changes over the last years and decades.
“As already briefly mentioned in the introduction, storage and file formats have undergone constant changes over the last years and decades (e.g., Blum & Beyer, 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blum & Beyer, 2019 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Digital technologies could potentially offer a way for addressing the lack of detail and specificity in autobiographical memories.
“Although it remains to be determined what exactly drives these differences between people with and without psychiatric diagnoses, and although effectively supporting the autobiographical memory of people with dementia remains challenging, digital technologies could potentially offer a way for addressing the lack of detail and specificity in autobiographical memories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Individuals are more interested in having a more detailed record of the moments that are dear and important to them.
“Instead, they are more interested in having a more detailed record of the moments that are dear and important to them (i.e., situation-specific capture; Sellen & Whittaker, 2010; see also Heersmink, 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Sellen & Whittaker, 2010 source
- cites Heersmink, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Applying beauty filters enables individuals to optimize their physical appearance without much effort or expertise.
“For instance, applying beauty filters enables individuals to optimize their physical appearance without much effort or expertise (e.g., Appel et al., 2023).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Appel et al., 2023 source
- Premisecitation
Externally recorded information is not meaningful in and of itself but needs to be curated and interpreted.
“In addition, our elaborations also suggest that externally recorded information is not meaningful in and of itself but that it needs to be curated and interpreted (Banks, 2011;van den Hoven et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Banks, 2011
- cites van den Hoven et al., 2012 source
- Premisecitation
Automatically capturing snapshots of everyday life and recording short videos can help people remember aspects of their recent past that may otherwise become inaccessible.
“In addition, it has been demonstrated that automatically capturing snapshots of everyday life as well as recording short videos can help people to remember aspects of their recent past that may otherwise become inaccessible ( Hodges et al., 2011; Loveday & Conway, 2011; Martin et al., 2022;for a review, see Silva et al., 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Individuals sometimes share memories online for therapeutic reasons, such as to ease their distress, to get advice and feedback from others, or to gain insight into their problems.
“research has shown that individuals sometimes share memories online for therapeutic reasons (e.g., to ease their distress, to get advice and feedback from others, or to gain insight into their problems; Stone et al., 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stone et al., 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 57
- May combine two claims. 66
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationUsually, new technologies tend to have complex and multilayered effects on individuals and societies, which are not simply black or white; that is, the question whether digital technologies have desirable or problematic effects on autobiographical remembering is likely to be too superficial to account for the complexity of reality.
“Usually, new technologies tend to have complex and multilayered effects on individuals and societies, which are not simply black or white; that is, the question whether digital technologies have desirable or problematic effects on autobiographical remembering is likely to be too superficial to account for the complexity of reality (cf.Appel et al., 2020;Orben & Przybylski, 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThese findings are in line with the results obtained when looking at the effects of note-taking as well as the subjective perceptions of users of smart journaling apps.
“Importantly, these findings are in line with the results obtained when looking at the effects of note-taking (Schryer & Ross, 2013) as well as the subjective perceptions of users of smart journaling apps (Hutmacher et al., 2023).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLocation information and sudden changes in heart rate were connected to images taken using a wearable camera.
“For example, location information and sudden changes in heart rate were connected to images that were taken using a wearable camera (Wang & Tanaka, 2019; see also Bermejo et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Wang & Tanaka, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Bermejo et al., 2020 source
The indexed passages contain bibliographic details and keywords for VIMES, but no description of location information or heart-rate changes being connected to wearable-camera images. Searches for those terms returned no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationActive curation is preferable to no curation from the standpoint of autobiographical remembering because unorganized collections of an abundance of data make finding relevant information more complicated and because meaning-making requires prioritizing some aspects of one's life over others.
“In previous research, it has been argued that active curation is preferable to no curation from the standpoint of autobiographical remembering because unorganized collections of an abundance of data make finding relevant information more complicated and because meaning-making requires prioritizing some aspects of one's life over others (Kalnikait_ e et al., 2010;Sas & Whittaker, 2013;Whittaker et”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Kalnikait_ e et al., 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Sas & Whittaker, 2013 source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Whittaker et al., 2012 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSuch occasions are more frequent than one might intuitively think and can occur up to several times a day.
“Such occasions are more frequent than one might intuitively think and can occur up to several times a day (Berntsen, 2021; see also Rasmussen & Berntsen, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Berntsen, 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Rasmussen & Berntsen, 2011 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThere may be various motivations for enhancing and changing recorded content, ranging from improving self-presentation and fostering social interactions to enjoyment and playful exploration.
“There may be various motivations for doing so, ranging from improving self-presentation and fostering social interactions to enjoyment and playful exploration (Javornik et al., 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Javornik et al., 2022 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationUsing digital media gets individuals in touch with different possible ways of narrating their lives, which can include both culturally dominant master narratives and alternative narratives that might be particularly important for marginalized groups or groups of individuals with non-mainstream interests.
“using digital media gets individuals in touch with different possible ways of narrating their lives (Granic et al., 2020), which can include both culturally dominant master narratives as well as alternative narratives that might be particularly important for marginalized groups or groups of individuals with non-mainstream interests (cf.Bates et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Granic et al., 2020 source
- cites Bates et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEngaging with externally stored information can lead individuals to change their views about themselves and maybe even to modify their behavior.
“Ultimately, this can lead individuals to change their views about themselves (DeVito et al., 2017) and maybe even to modify their behavior (Isaacs et al., 2013;Kersten-van Dijk et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationReviewing old social media posts, photos stored on the smartphone, entries in one's smart journal, or quantified lifelogging data may support individuals in understanding their personal past and in creating a unique perspective that integrates thoughts and feelings about positive as well as negative life events.
“reviewing old social media posts, photos stored on the smartphone, entries in one's smart journal, or quantified lifelogging data may support individuals in understanding their personal past and in creating a unique perspective that integrates thoughts and feelings about positive as well as negative life events (Crete-Nishihata et al., 2012;Elsden, Durrant, et al., 2016;Elsden, Kirk, et al., 2016;”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites Crete-Nishihata et al., 2012 source
The Abstract reports that reviewing multimedia biographies and SenseCam images helped people with AD or MCI revisit their past, fostered a sense of self, and elicited mainly happiness with occasional sadness. It does not address social media posts, smartphone photos, smart journals, or quantified lifelogging data, nor does it establish the claimed integration of thoughts and feelings about positive and negative life events for individuals generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Elsden, Durrant, et al., 2016 source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Elsden, Kirk, et al., 2016 source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRecorded data do not present an authoritative version of one's past and individuals are aware of this.
“the recorded data do not present an authoritative version of one's past and that individuals are aware of this (Elsden, Kirk, et al., 2016)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Elsden, Kirk, et al., 2016 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe increased density of recorded life events could undermine the adaptive function of forgetting.
“the increased density of recorded life events could undermine the adaptive function of forgetting (Heersmink, 2017;Heersmink & Carter, 2020;Koops, 2011;Jacquemard et al., 2014;Mayer-Sch€ onberger, 2009;Storm & Soares, in press;van House & Churchill, 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Heersmink, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Heersmink & Carter, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Koops, 2011 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe overall effects of digital media on well-being and mental health are rather small and depend on a wide range of contextual factors.
“there is also consistent evidence that the overall effects of digital media on well-being and mental health are rather small and depend on a wide range of contextual factors (for an overview, see Orben & Przybylski, 2019;Valkenburg, 2022).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Orben & Przybylski, 2019 source
The paper reports a small negative association between digital technology use and adolescent well-being, explaining at most 0.4% of the variation (p. 2). It also shows that estimates vary with controls and whether adolescents or caregivers report well-being (pp. 8–9). But it cautions that its cross-sectional data cannot establish effects, and its findings do not cover mental health or digital-media users generally (p. 14). (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Valkenburg, 2022 source
The Conclusion describes weak aggregate effects of time-based social media use, and Recommendation 3 reports weak average associations that can mask differences between users. The paper also discusses contextual moderators, including motivations for use and experiences during use. It supports the claim for social media use, but does not establish it for digital media as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenWhile internal autobiographical memories are inextricably bound to the cognitive architecture of our minds and brains, individuals have much more degrees of freedom regarding the way they encode information in external resources.
“While internal autobiographical memories are inextricably bound to the cognitive architecture of our minds and brains, individuals have much more degrees of freedom regarding the way they encode information in external resources.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMacroblogging usually involves reflecting upon specific aspects of one's life chosen for self-presentation, often trying to tell a coherent story; microblogging relies less on narrative integration and focuses on immediate sharing, leaving a more or less permanent digital trace.
“For instance, people who write a blog on a personal web page (”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Wang, 2013 source
- cites Wang, 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenHigh-tech external resources is a very broad umbrella term encompassing applications that are not that different from their low-tech counterparts as well as applications that did not exist prior to the digital age.
“First,”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningBased on a strong foundation of established theoretical considerations and empirical findings, the AMEDIA-Model can help us to go beyond what is already known and to organize future research.
“Based on a strong foundation of established theoretical considerations and empirical findings, the AMEDIA-Model can help us to go beyond what is already known and to organize future research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe way autobiographical memories are (re-)constructed crucially depends on the way the information has been encoded and curated.
“Moreover, the way autobiographical memories are (re-)constructed crucially depends on the way the information has been encoded and curated:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationnone givenIt is helpful to distinguish between three steps: encoding, curating, and retrieving.
“When speaking about the process of constructing and reconstructing autobiographical memories in the digital age, it is helpful to distinguish between three steps: encoding, curating, and retrieving.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationInternal autobiographical memories are stored in the mind, which is bound to the human cognitive, biological, and neural structure, while high-tech external resources rely on the data formats and processing characteristics of digital tools, and this goes hand in hand with certain strengths and weaknesses in each case.
“Obviously, the fact that internal autobiographical memories are stored in the mind, which is bound to the human cognitive, biological, and neural structure, while high-tech external resources rely on the data formats and processing characteristics of digital tools, goes hand in hand with certain strengths and weaknesses in each case (see Donald, 1991;Finley et al., 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Donald, 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Finley et al., 2018 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAutobiographical memories contain the awareness of the self having experienced the event in the past (autonoetic consciousness).
“In addition to the information about the what, where, and when of an event, autobiographical memories also contain the awareness of the self having experienced the event in the past (i.e., autonoetic consciousness), that is, the notion that the person who is remembering the event now is the same as the person who experienced the event in the past (cf.Nelson & Fivush, 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nelson & Fivush, 2004 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenWhat counts as an innovative tool may change over time as new technologies emerge.
“Note also that what counts as an innovative tool may change over time as new technologies emerge.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe taxonomy proposed by Finley et al. (2018) distinguishes between social, low-tech and high-tech external resources.
“In doing so, we follow the taxonomy proposed by Finley et al. (2018) who suggest to distinguish between social, low-tech and high-tech external resources (for a different taxonomy, see Sutton, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Finley et al., 2018 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCreating a life story provides stability to our existence and plays a central role in the development of the self as well as in achieving subjective wellbeing.
“In other words, creating a life story provides stability to our existence and therefore plays a central role in the development of the self (McLean et al., 2007) as well as in achieving subjective wellbeing (Adler et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSmartphone cameras surpass traditional cameras because they have overcome previous storage limits, are more convenient, allow easy modification, contain metadata, and have transformed photo-taking practices, leading to selfies.
“Second, smartphone cameras-which could be considered to be located somewhere in the middle between digital substitutes and innovative tools-do not only surpass traditional cameras because they have overcome previous storage limits and are arguably more convenient to use, but also because digital photos can easily be modified (e.g., through applying filters), contain a wide range of metadata (e.g.,”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dinhopl & Gretzel, 2016 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe AMEDIA-Model provides the first systematic and comprehensive framework for understanding autobiographical memory in the digital age.
“Through integrating the available empirical evidence on different sub-aspects of autobiographical remembering involving high-tech devices and applications as well as through connecting previously unrelated theory on nontechnological autobiographical memory and technologymediated remembering, our AMEDIA-Model provides the first systematic and comprehensive framework for understanding”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“we have proposed our AMEDIA-Model, which provides the first systematic and comprehensive framework for understanding autobiographical memory in the digital age.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe life story typically begins to emerge in late adolescence and helps develop a narrative identity that connects past to present.
“This life story, which typically begins to emerge in late adolescence (Habermas & Bluck, 2000;Habermas & Reese, 2015), helps us develop a narrative identity that connects our past to our present (McAdams & McLean, 2013;McAdams & Olson, 2010;Singer, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenQuantitative data offer a formal and seemingly objective perspective on an individual's life, but even quantitative data never speak for themselves and need to be interpreted.
“While quantitative data offer a rather formal and-at least seemingly-objective perspective on an individual's life, it should not be forgotten that even quantitative data never speak for themselves but need to be interpreted.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningEven digital substitutes should not be considered digital equivalents in the strictest sense because the high-tech version differs from the low-tech version with respect to the dimensions described above.
“However, even this digital substitute should not be considered a digital equivalent in the strictest sense of the word as the high-tech version of taking notes differs from the low-tech version with respect to the dimensions described above.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe currently active goals crucially shape which new information is encoded, which old information can be retrieved from long-term memory, and how this retrieved information is interpreted and narrated.
“That is, the currently active goals crucially shape which new information is encoded, which old information can be retrieved from long-term memory, and how this retrieved information is interpreted and narrated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Conway, 2005 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAutobiographical memories can often be condensed into general events, which are related to certain lifetime periods, which are in turn related to personally important themes.
“More specifically, autobiographical memories can often be condensed into general events, which are related to certain lifetime periods, which are in turn related to personally important themes (Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000;Conway, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningInternally and externally stored information do not have the same characteristics or follow the same principles of organization.
“This does not, of course, mean that internally and externally stored information have the same characteristics or follow the same principles of organization.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPersonalization in digital environments often comes as a double-edged sword: it can help dealing with the abundance of available data but can potentially also threaten the freedom and autonomy of the individual.
“This mirrors the general observation that personalization in digital environments often comes as a double-edged sword: It can help us dealing with the abundance of available data but can potentially also threaten the freedom and autonomy of the individual (Hutmacher & Appel, 2023).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hutmacher & Appel, 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenAutomatic location tracking is always passive.
“In contrast, automatic location tracking is always passive.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAlgorithmically triggered autobiographical remembering can be a welcome opportunity for reminiscing about one's recent past and is already used by several social media platforms in combination with algorithmic curation.
“Although algorithmically triggered autobiographical remembering can be a welcome opportunity for reminiscing about one's recent past and is-as mentioned above-already used by several social media platforms in combination with algorithmic curation (Jacobsen, 2020; see also Brewer et al., 2017), it is also faced with several challenges.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Jacobsen, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Brewer et al., 2017 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVisual (qualitative) information is best suited for enabling detailed recollection, while locational (quantitative) information is more useful for reconstructing habits and behavioral patterns.
“In this context, one study found that visual (i.e., qualitative) information is best suited for enabling detailed recollection, while locational (i.e., quantitative) information is more useful for reconstructing habits and behavioral patterns (Kalnikait_ e et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kalnikait_ e et al., 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningUsing high-tech devices and applications may not only change what individuals remember about their past but also how they remember their past.
“In other words, using high-tech devices and applications may not only change what individuals remember about their past but also how they remember their past.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTaking photos can increase the enjoyment of an event but less likely so when the photo-taking creates interference or the event is already highly enjoyable.
“Regarding the latter, it has been demonstrated that taking photos can increase the enjoyment of an event but less likely so when the photo-taking creates interference or the event is already highly enjoyable (Diehl et al., 2016;Nardini et al, 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenEnhancing and changing recorded content is not restricted to photos but may also include rewriting diary entries or making manual adjustments to one's running statistics.
“Importantly, enhancing and changing recorded content is not restricted to photos but may also include rewriting diary entries (e.g., because one's evaluation of a past event changed in the light of new information) or making manual adjustments to one's running statistics (e.g., when assuming that the automatic tracking device made a mistake).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPeople seem to enjoy rediscovering records of their past experiences; this applies to special and extraordinary experiences and also to mundane everyday ones that may otherwise have been forgotten.
“Moreover, people seem to enjoy rediscovering records of their past experiences; interestingly, this not only applies to special and extraordinary experiences but also to mundane everyday ones that may otherwise have been forgotten (Zhang et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhang et al., 2014 source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDigital technologies have the potential to shift the avenues available for encoding memories and to change the tone and texture of the encoded information.
“As it seems, digital technologies indeed have the potential to shift the avenues available for encoding memories and to change the tone and texture of the encoded information.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningAutobiographical remembering in the digital age can be viewed as the result of the iterative process of combining information stored in the mind and information stored in the environment using high-tech devices and applications as postulated in the AMEDIA-Model.
“Once more, this illustrates that autobiographical remembering in the digital age can be viewed as the result of the iterative process of combining information stored in the mind and information stored in the environment using high-tech devices and applications as postulated in our AMEDIA-Model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationThe algorithms not only help individuals to remember, but 'narrate' themselves; the way they remind individuals of past events potentially shapes the way these individuals remember them and ultimately also the way they construct their life narratives.
“First, the algorithms not only help individuals to remember, but”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jacobsen, 2022a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe effects of triggering memories are not fixed; ultimately, it is the individual who decides how to deal with algorithmic reminders and what to make of them.
“Third, it should however be noted that the effects of triggering memories are not fixed (Jacobsen, 2020): Ultimately, it is the individual who decides how to deal with algorithmic reminders and what to make of them.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jacobsen, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe dynamic interaction between the individual and the available external sources lies at the heart of the AMEDIA-Model and is most pronounced at the retrieval stage.
“The dynamic interaction between the individual and the available external sources that lies at the heart of our AMEDIA-Model is arguably most pronounced at the retrieval stage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIndividuals may decide to delete recorded content, for instance, because a certain offloading goal has been completed or because one does not find the content esthetically pleasing enough.
“Third, individuals may decide to delete recorded content, for instance, because a certain offloading goal has been completed (e.g., one has ordered the product of which one had taken a photo) or because one does not find the content esthetically pleasing enough (Soares, 2023).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Soares, 2023 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe decision to record or not to record information in an external store depends on three factors: importance of recall, effort of storing, and probability of recall.
“An early suggestion how to understand the intentional encoding of information in external resources comes from Esser (1996; see also Sch€ onpflug & Esser, 1995), who suggests that the decision to record or not to record information in an external store depends on three factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Esser, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Sch€ onpflug & Esser, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningMerely asking whether and how the amount of retrievable autobiographical information changes when using high-tech devices and applications seems inadequate, because transformations may also pertain to processes such as reflection, narration, and rumination.
“However, merely asking whether and, if so, how the amount of retrievable autobiographical information changes when using high-tech devices and applications seems inadequate: The transformations of autobiographical remembering in the digital age may also pertain to processes such as reflection (i.e., How do individuals think about their lives?),narration (i.e., How do individuals tell their life”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIf reminders are not presented at the right moment or bring back memories that one would have preferred not to be reminded of, triggered remembering can create confusion and lead to negative emotions.
“Second, timing matters: If the reminders are not presented at the right moment (e.g., in a situation in which one is absolutely not willing to think about one's past; Jacobsen, 2022b; see also Bucher, 2020) or bring back memories that one would have preferred not to be reminded of (e.g., the death of a loved one; Lambert et al., 2018), triggered remembering can create confusion and lead to”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Jacobsen, 2022b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Bucher, 2020 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites Lambert et al., 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe available curatorial practices are likely to depend on the kind of tool and the kind of data individuals have stored.
“Again, the available curatorial practices are likely to depend on the kind of tool and the kind of data individuals have stored.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSharing information with others can also be considered a curatorial practice as it involves selecting the information that an individual wants to present and invites others to join the curatorial process by liking or commenting.
“Second, sharing information with others can also be considered a curatorial practice as it involves selecting the information that an individual wants to present and as it invites others to join the curatorial process by liking the shared content or by commenting on it (cf.Stone & Zwolinski, 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stone & Zwolinski, 2022 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe records of instant messaging conversations as well as one's posts on social media can also be used to reflect upon past events or to bring about memories.
“However, the records of instant messaging conversations as well as one's posts on social media can also be used to reflect upon past events or to bring about memories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationManually taken photos already have a meaning when being taken, whereas automatically recorded photos taken with lifelogging cameras appear more random and only acquire meaning insofar as they offer access to aspects of one's life that one would otherwise not think about.
“In this context, it has been argued that manually taken photos already have a meaning when being taken (because individuals usually have reasons for taking them); in contrast, automatically recorded photos taken with lifelogging cameras such as SenseCam or Narrative Clip appear more random and only acquire meaning insofar as they offer access to aspects of one's life that one would otherwise not”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Lee & Ryu, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Niforatos et al., 2017 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenThe differential impact of different motivations for encoding autobiographical events on later retrieval has not been investigated so far.
“To our knowledge, the differential impact of these different motivations for encoding autobiographical events on later retrieval has not been investigated so far.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIndividuals intentionally encode personal information in high-tech external resources because they assume it will help them express themselves and account for their lives (self function), provide a basis for sharing memories and creating a legacy (social function), and potentially support learning for the future (directive function).
“Individuals thus intentionally encode personal information in high-tech external resources because they assume that it will help them to express themselves and to account for their lives (self function), because it provides a basis for sharing their memories with others and for creating a legacy (social function), and because it potentially supports them in their goal to learn for the future (d”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPublic and private encoding seem to accentuate different functions of autobiographical memory: publicly shared information, the social function is particularly prominent; private information more strongly serves self-reflection and learning from past experiences.
“Third, public and private encoding seem to accentuate different functions of autobiographical memory: In the case of publicly shared information, the social function is particularly prominent, while information that is kept private more strongly serves self-reflection and learning from past experiences (Stone et al., 2022; see also Hou et al., 2022).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Stone et al., 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Hou et al., 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMany smartphones can automatically sort photos in folders based on location and date information, and social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat offer personalized year-end stories; Spotify presents listening trends; Reddit summarizes user activities using statistics at the end of the year.
“For instance, many smartphones can automatically sort one's photos in folders based on location and date information-and social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat offer their users personalized year-end stories containing the supposed highlights of last year (Malik, 2021b; see also Holloway & Green, 2017).In a similar vein, Spotify presents users music and podcast listening”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Malik, 2021b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Holloway & Green, 2017 source
- cites Perez, 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningA uniform process of autobiographical remembering in the digital age does not exist: the kind of high-tech external resource that individuals use and the kind of data that they record will shape how the encoded events will be reconstructed later on.
“More specifically, it has become clear that a uniform process of autobiographical remembering in the digital age does not exist: The kind of high-tech external resource that individuals use and the kind of data that they record will shape how the encoded events will be reconstructed later on.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenInternally and externally recorded information is finally combined to bring about autobiographical remembering.
“Here, internally and externally recorded information is finally combined to bring about autobiographical remembering.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningEven if one prefers to ignore a certain trigger because one finds it inappropriate, one may still use the trigger as an inspiration to go through other recorded content.
“Even if one prefers to ignore a certain trigger because one finds it inappropriate, for example, one may still use the trigger as an inspiration to go through other recorded content.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThere may be instances in which one would not expect marked differences between low-tech and high-tech devices, but there are other contexts creating new affordances and interactional patterns.
“While there may be instances in which one would probably not expect marked differences between low-tech and high-tech devices (e.g., showing someone a photo stored on one's smartphone versus showing someone a printed photo), there are other contexts creating new affordances and interactional patterns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationProcesses of narrating one's life and reasoning about autobiographical events are deeply social in nature and often take place in conversations.
“the processes of narrating one's life and reasoning about autobiographical events are deeply social in nature and often take place in conversations (Grysman et al., 2024;Nelson & Fivush, 2004;Pasupathi & Wainryb, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningChanges in identity may not only change the nature of the information that is newly being encoded but also lead to a host of curatorial practices.
“changes in identity may not only change the nature of the information that is newly being encoded but also lead to a host of curatorial practices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenEngaging with externally recorded information does not necessarily have to be aimed at recollecting past experiences or life periods in the greatest possible detail.
“Engaging with externally recorded information does not necessarily have to be aimed at recollecting past experiences or life periods in the greatest possible detail.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIf autobiographical remembering in the digital age is shaped more by online posts and less by face-to-face conversations, then the individual's identity work is happening less in protected and trusted environments and more in the public sphere.
“If autobiographical remembering in the digital age is shaped more by online posts and less by face-to-face conversations, then the individual's identity work is happening less in protected and trusted environments and more in the public sphere.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMobile sensing may be inadequate for gaining deeper insights in meaning-making processes that usually play a great role in autobiographical remembering, but it can provide a relatively objective basis for understanding the way individuals use modern-day technologies.
“While this may be inadequate for gaining deeper insights in meaning-making processes that usually play a great role in the context of autobiographical remembering, it can provide a relatively objective basis for understanding the way individuals use modern-day technologies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCollective memories seem to serve similar functions as individual autobiographical memories: they shape the identity of collectives, can provide a basis for future decision-making, and may create bonds between different collectives.
“collective memories seem to serve similar functions as individual autobiographical memories (Burnell et al., 2023;Heux et al., 2023): They shape the identity of collectives, can provide a basis for future decision-making, and may create bonds between different collectives”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Burnell et al., 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Heux et al., 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe AMEDIA-Model offers a theory-based and empirically founded perspective that can be used as a tool for analyzing the ways in which the available technologies may change and transform autobiographical remembering.
“Our AMEDIA-Model offers a theory-based and empirically founded perspective that can be used as a tool for analyzing the ways in which the available technologies may change and transform autobiographical remembering.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningUsing high-tech external resources can augment human memory and can make it easier to avoid everyday memory failures.
“In sum, this suggests that using high-tech external resources can augment human memory and can make it easier to avoid everyday memory failures (cf.Harvey et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Harvey et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen talking about autobiographical events, individuals adopt factual details from their conversational partners, adapt interpretive details, and experiment with forming links between the different elements of their lives.
“When talking about autobiographical events, individual adopt factual details from their conversational partners, adapt interpretive details, and experiment with forming links between the different elements of their lives.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningExternally recorded information that individuals possess about their lives are not static and passive data reservoirs but actively shaped by individuals, which may ultimately shape the way these individuals remember their personal past.
“the externally recorded information that individuals possess about their lives are not static and passive data reservoirs but actively shaped by individuals, which may ultimately also shape the way these individuals remember their personal past.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThere are several studies demonstrating impaired internal memory for information that is saved in an external resource, at least when the saving process is perceived as reliable, and studies showing that taking photos of objects can impair memory for these objects.
“there are several studies demonstrating impaired internal memory for information that is saved in an external resource (Sparrow et al., 2011) at least when the saving process is perceived as reliable (Schooler & Storm, 2021) as well as studies showing that taking photos of objects can impair memory for these objects (Henkel, 2014; for a potential explanation, see Barasch et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningExternal records of one's life that are not accompanied by autonoetic consciousness should not be counted as autobiographical memories in the narrower sense because autonoetic consciousness is an essential part of what is commonly considered to constitute autobiographical memories.
“we hold that external records of one's life that are not accompanied by autonoetic consciousness should not be counted as autobiographical memories in the narrower sense because autonoetic consciousness is an essential part of what is commonly considered to constitute autobiographical memories.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningInternal memory representations should not be confused with the ability to remember, because remembering is what happens when internal memories and externally recorded information are combined in an iterative process.
“internal memory representations should not be confused with the ability to remember, because remembering is-as outlined in our AMEDIA-Model-what happens when internal memories and externally recorded information are combined in an iterative process.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Internal autobiographical memories and external records work in concert to bring about autobiographical remembering.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe AMEDIA-Model can be extended and applied to different areas of research.
“More generally speaking, the AMEDIA-Model can also be extended and applied to different areas of research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSelfies convey aspects of personality and lifestyle and give hints to people's values.
“Selfies indeed convey aspects of personality and lifestyle and give hints to people's values (cf.Dollinger, 2017)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dollinger, 2017 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe AMEDIA-Model integrates a wide range of existing evidence and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the interplay between individuals and the technology they use in encoding, curating, and retrieving autobiographical memories.
“The AMEDIA-Model not only integrates a wide range of existing evidence but also provides a theoretical basis for investigating the interplay between individuals and the technology that they use in the context of encoding, curating, and retrieving autobiographical memories.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningA lack of likes as well as receiving negative feedback might undermine efforts of narrative self-exploration.
“a lack of likes as well as receiving negative feedback might undermine efforts of narrative self-exploration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe proliferation of digital technologies has the potential to transform autobiographical remembering.
“the proliferation of digital technologies has the potential to transform autobiographical remembering.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIt seems plausible that the increased density of recorded life episodes has the potential to lead to a richer and more detailed record of one's life.
“While it seems plausible that the increased density of recorded life episodes has the potential to lead to a richer and more detailed record of one's life”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningExperimental and laboratory studies have the clear advantage of allowing a well-controlled manipulation of the variables of interest, but also come with a reduced ecological validity as they tend to create settings in which the individual is removed from the usual environment.
“While experimental and laboratory studies have the clear advantage of allowing a well-controlled manipulation of the variables of interest, they also come with a reduced ecological validity as they tend to create settings in which the individual is removed from the usual environment, in which the above-mentioned processes of encoding, curating, and retrieving usually take place.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningAutobiographical remembering is something that a person does and in principle cannot be delegated completely to the environment.
“autobiographical remembering is something that a person does and that, in principle, cannot be delegated completely to the environment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThe AMEDIA-Model can also be applied to the way larger groups and collectives encode, curate, and retrieve memories in an attempt to craft an overarching narrative.
“This also suggests that the AMEDIA-Model can also be applied to the way larger groups and collectives encode, curate, and retrieve memories in an attempt to craft an overarching narrative.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningIndividuals who have access to certain external resources for recording information certainly behave differently than individuals who do not.
“Individuals who have access to certain external resources for recording information certainly behave differently than individuals who do not.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis shift toward public identity work could impact identity development in profound ways: individuals may limit the aspects of their lives they are willing to share, thereby unintentionally also limiting the aspects of their lives regarding which they engage in profound identity work.
“This could impact identity development in profound ways: As it can be hard for individuals to predict how the public will react to their postings, they may decide to limit the aspects of their lives they are willing to share, thereby unintentionally also limiting the aspects of their lives regarding which they engage in profound identity work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe host of empirical studies on autobiographical memory published in recent years arguably still views externally available information as nothing but a cue that individuals respond to, misrepresenting the dynamic and iterative nature of human remembering.
“the host of empirical studies on autobiographical memory published in recent years arguably still views externally available information as nothing but a cue that individuals respond to, misrepresenting the dynamic and iterative nature of human remembering.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen people of public interest die, this usually leads to a sharp rise in media attention and social media activity that decays in a matter of days and rises again at anniversaries and special dates related to the deceased individual.
“When people of public interest die, this usually leads to a sharp rise in media attention and social media activity that decays in a matter of days (West et al., 2021) and rises again at anniversaries and special dates related to the deceased individual (cf.Ferron & Massa, 2014;Keegan & Brubaker, 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningComparing the performance of individuals who usually rely on a certain external resource in a situation with access to a situation without access seems to miss the actual point of how remembering works in real-world settings and may ultimately obfuscate scientific progress.
“Comparing the performance of individuals who usually rely on a certain external resource in a situation in which they have access to this resource to a situation in which they do not seems to miss the actual point of how remembering works in real-world settings and may ultimately obfuscate scientific progress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe way photos have been taken can shape and transform identities and relationships.
“the way these photos have been taken can also shape and transform these identities and relationships (Stiglbauer & Weber, 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stiglbauer & Weber, 2018 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDigital data such as photos shared on social media are used to present moments and events that families spend together as well as to depict intergenerational relationships, possibly spanning grandparents, children, and grandchildren.
“such photos are used to present moments and events that families spend together as well as to depict intergenerational relationships, possibly spanning grandparents, children, and grandchildren (Barnwell et al., 2023).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Barnwell et al., 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIdentity exploration and identity formation as well as the creation of a coherent life story play a particularly prominent role in adolescence and emerging adulthood.
“As identity exploration and identity formation as well as the creation of a coherent life story play a particularly prominent role in adolescence and emerging adulthood (cf.Habermas & Bluck, 2000)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Habermas & Bluck, 2000 source
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe existing literature provides compelling evidence that high-tech external resources can be used and are already used for autobiographical remembering.
“The existing literature provides compelling evidence that high-tech external resources can be used and are already used for autobiographical remembering.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationToo much data permanence might be a problem insofar as it reduces the individuals' control about the way they narrate their lives and as it prevents forgetting that is necessary for distinguishing important from more ephemeral life events.
“Too much data permanence might be a problem insofar as it reduces the individuals' control about the way they narrate their lives and as it prevents forgetting that is necessary for distinguishing important from more ephemeral life events (cf.Mayer-Sch€ onberger, 2009;Tirosh, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Mayer-Sch€ onberger, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Tirosh, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIndividuals usually neither want their internal memories to be replaced by external recordings nor do they strive for capturing as many moments of their lives as possible.
“In close connection with this, individuals usually neither want their internal memories to be replaced by external recordings (Eliseev & Marsh, 2021;Harvey et al., 2016) nor do they strive for capturing as many moments of their lives as possible:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Eliseev & Marsh, 2021 source
- cites Harvey et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAI-driven models can create helpful and accurate summaries of diary entries.
“In fact, a first empirical demonstration has shown that AI-driven models can create helpful and accurate summaries of diary entries (Siriwardhana et al., 2023).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Siriwardhana et al., 2023 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAutobiographical memories become less specific and generally harder to recall in people with dementia.
“On the one hand, autobiographical memories become less specific and generally harder to recall in the case of people with dementia (Irish, 2023; see also Hutmacher, 2021).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Irish, 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Hutmacher, 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenInternal autobiographical memory is organized in a hierarchical structure in which knowledge about general events and lifetime periods is built on individual memories that are integrated into life themes and a life story.
“Internal autobiographical memory is organized in a hierarchical structure in which knowledge about general events and lifetime periods is built on individual memories that are integrated into life themes and a life story.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningPublicly sharing information about one's life (e.g., on social media) might be particularly problematic in this respect, because this information is far more difficult to delete than information that individuals keep for themselves (e.g., in a smart journal).
“Arguably, publicly sharing information about one's life (e.g., on social media) might be particularly problematic in this respect, because this information is far more difficult to delete than information that individuals keep for themselves (e.g., in a smart journal).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Publicly shared information about one's life is far more difficult to delete than information that individuals keep for themselves.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThere is a significant digital divide within and across societies, meaning not everyone has equal access to the currently available technology or possesses the skills for using it.
“Although this is true for the majority of people on our planet (cf.Domo, 2022Domo, , 2023)), there is still a significant digital divide within and across societies (van Dijk, 2020;Warschauer, 2003).”
- Also stated in: § Ethical Considerations: From the Empirical to the Normative · plain
“That is, it should not be forgotten that not everyone has equal access to the currently available technology or possesses the skills for using it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites van Dijk, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Warschauer, 2003 source
- Also stated in: § Ethical Considerations: From the Empirical to the Normative · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationVirtual reality environments could offer opportunities for interacting with deceased individuals.
“Taking things even one step further, virtual reality environments could offer opportunities for-at least seemingly-interacting with deceased individuals (Stein, 2021):”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stein, 2021 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe basic structures and processes identified in the AMEDIA-Model can be transferred to new technological innovations.
“That is, although the AMEDIA-Model was created based on the available empirical evidence and through extending and connecting existing theoretical strands, the basic structures and processes that we have identified can be transferred to new technological innovations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe way autobiographical memories are constructed and reconstructed during retrieval crucially depends on the way the information has been encoded and curated.
“The way autobiographical memories are constructed and reconstructed during retrieval crucially depends on the way the information has been encoded and curated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe availability of an incredible amount of data about the life of each individual in combination with progress in virtual reality environments could present new ways for creating immersive scenarios for reexperiencing past events or for experimenting with alternative outcomes and realities.
“Third, the availability of an incredible amount of data about the life of each individual in combination with the progress in the context of virtual reality environments could present new ways for creating immersive scenarios for reexperiencing past events or for experimenting with alternative outcomes and realities (”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenIn the AMEDIA-Model, autobiographical remembering in the digital age is seen as the result of the iterative process of combining information stored in the mind and information stored in the environment using high-tech devices and applications.
“In the AMEDIA-Model that we have proposed in the present paper, autobiographical remembering in the digital age is seen as the result of the iterative process of combining information stored in the mind and information stored in the environment using high-tech devices and applications.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“The AMEDIA-Model views autobiographical remembering in the digital age as the result of the iterative process of combining information stored in the mind (internal autobiographical memory) and information stored in the environment (externally recorded information) using high-tech devices and applications.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBoth the unintended availability and unintended unavailability of information about one's life could be experienced as deeply troublesome.
“both the unintended availability and unintended unavailability of information about one's life could be experienced as deeply troublesome.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenExternally recorded information that individuals store using high-tech devices and applications does not merely serve as a cue for autobiographical remembering but forms an important part of the individual's memory ecology.
“As the externally recorded information that individuals store using high-tech devices and applications does not merely serve as a cue for autobiographical remembering but forms an important part of the individual's memory ecology, both the unintended availability and unintended unavailability of information about one's life could be experienced as deeply troublesome.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenIndividuals who cannot afford the available technology will not be able to integrate it in their memory ecology and may ultimately feel excluded and disconnected from the recent developments.
“In a similar vein, individuals who cannot afford the available technology will not be able to integrate it in their memory ecology and may ultimately feel excluded and disconnected from the recent developments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Current life goals and themes influence encoding, curating, and retrieval of autobiographical memories.
“Moreover, it can be assumed that current life goals and themes not only influence to which aspects of our environment we direct our attention and which aspects we will try to preserve for later (encoding), but also which of the stored information we find important or worth exploring in detail (curating), as well as how and when we will try to remember what kind of aspect of our personal past (ret”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All high-tech external resources share certain characteristics: they tend to increase the density of recorded life episodes and contribute to creating a searchable database consisting of a combination of different media sources that can often be accessed anywhere at any time.
“As already mentioned, we assume that all high-tech external resources share certain characteristics insofar as they tend to increase the density of recorded life episodes and contribute to creating a searchable database consisting of a combination of different media sources that can often be accessed anywhere at any time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The development and proliferation of mobile, digital technologies have simplified documenting one's lived life to an astonishing extent and could have far-reaching consequences for autobiographical remembering.
“Arguably, the fact that the development and proliferation of mobile, digital technologies have simplified documenting one's lived life to an astonishing extent could have far-reaching consequences for autobiographical remembering.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The importance of recall is the most important criterion in deciding whether to record information in an external store.
“Although the importance of recall is assumed to be the most important criterion (see also Sch€ onpflug, 1986b)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The primary purpose of instant messaging services such as WhatsApp is to have conversations with other people.
“For instance, the primary purpose of instant messaging services such as WhatsApp is to have conversations with other people.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many individuals avoid making the effort to actively curate their data.
“As actively curating the encoded information about one's life is an effortful process and as many individuals seem to avoid making this effort”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Internal autobiographical memories and external records work in concert to bring about autobiographical remembering.
“the AMEDIA-Model is based on the assumption that internal autobiographical memories and external records work in concert to bring about autobiographical remembering.”
The paper relies on this without support.
How conversations may change in the digital age when high-tech devices and applications are used is largely uncharted territory.
“How such conversations may change in the digital age when high-tech devices and applications are used is largely uncharted territory.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Living in the digital age means creating and sharing immense amounts of data for individuals.
“Last but not least, the relevance of our AMEDIA-Model rests on the assumption that living in the digital age means creating and sharing immense amounts of data for individuals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most platforms and services that individuals use for storing and sharing information about their lives are provided by companies with commercial interests, which do not necessarily align with the users' needs and preferences.
“As most platforms and services that individuals use for storing and sharing information about their lives are provided by companies with commercial interests, which do not necessarily align with the users' needs and preferences, this seems to be a particularly important point.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The business model of many tech companies involves collecting as much information about individual users as possible.
“For instance, the business model of many tech companies involves collecting as much information about individual users as possible.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The popularity and availability of different platforms and applications changes relatively rapidly.
“In addition, the popularity and availability of different platforms and applications also changes relatively rapidly”
The paper relies on this without support.
Publicly shared information about one's life is far more difficult to delete than information that individuals keep for themselves.
“because this information is far more difficult to delete than information that individuals keep for themselves (e.g., in a smart journal).”
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Cited by
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Natseva, S. (2026) · Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education · doi:10.29070/a3akdw17 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Natseva, S. (2026) · Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education · doi:10.29070/wpzwb802 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Natseva, S. (2026) · Journal of Advances in Science and Technology · doi:10.29070/b8pf4r68 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sharing photographs on social media enhances recollection of photograph-related details
Vasquez, A. N., Dockery, S. J., Karanian, J. M., Wang, Q., & Stone, C. B. (2025) · Memory Mind & Media · doi:10.1017/mem.2025.3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hutmacher, F., Conrad, B., Appel, M., & Schwan, S. (2025) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-025-00627-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe brain edits the past: Neural systems of memory reconstruction and self-stability
Lepsius, M. (2025) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101221 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hutmacher, F., Einhellig, C., & Klink, S. (2025) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2025.2602077 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLa creación sintética de memorias: de la memoria individual a la memoria colectiva
Ramos, A. V. (2026) · Pasado y Memoria Revista de Historia Contemporánea · doi:10.14198/pasado.29942
Vibha, & Shekhawat, S. (2026) · Digital Library Perspectives · doi:10.1108/dlp-04-2026-0163
Memory and media in the twenty-first century
Efimova, S., & Hutmacher, F. (2026) · cultura & psyché · doi:10.1007/s43638-026-00116-5
Self-citationKaul, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6898782
Memory and Technology: 4E Perspectives
Heersmink, R., & Michaelian, K. (2026) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-026-00849-5
- Authors
- Hutmacher, F., Appel, M., & Schwan, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hutmacher, Fabian
- Venue
- Psychological Inquiry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2024-04-02
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 83-105
- ISSN
- 1047-840X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7965
- OpenAlex
- W4402573952
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 216
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 5.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychological Inquiry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Online Publication Service of Würzburg University (Würzburg University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- autobiographical memory, digital era, memory construction, information encoding, information curation, digital media, memory sharing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-05.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-05.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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