Factors Influencing Students' Help-Seeking Behavior while Programming with Human and Computer Tutors
Abstract
When novice students encounter difficulty when learning to program, some can seek help from instructors or teaching assistants. This one-on-one tutoring is highly effective at fostering learning, but busy instructors and large class sizes can make expert help a scarce resource. Increasingly, programming environments attempt to imitate this human support by providing students with hints and feedback. In order to design effective, computer-based help, it is important to understand how and why students seek and avoid help when programming, and how this process differs when the help is provided by a human or a computer. We explore these questions through a qualitative analysis of 15 students' interviews, in which they reflect on solving two programming problems with human and computer help. We discuss implications for help design and present hypotheses on students' help-seeking behavior.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Students' desire for independence is a common reason that they avoid help when programming, and overcoming this barrier can be very challenging.
“Students' desire for independence is a common reason that they avoid help when programming, and overcoming this barrier can be very challenging [15].”
From Exploring the Impact of Worked Examples in a Novice Programming Environment (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Cites
Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques.
Ellis, C., Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1992) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074814 · Cited by 29,279 · see citing works
Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008) · SAGE · doi:10.4135/9781452230153 · Cited by 12,136 · see citing works
Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria
Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990) · Qualitative Sociology · doi:10.1007/bf00988593 · Cited by 11,133 · see citing works
Goulding, C. (2002) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849209236 · Cited by 5,170 · see citing works
The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-to-One Tutoring
BLOOM, B. S. (1984) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x013006004 · Cited by 2,734 · see citing works
Qualitative Interviewing and Grounded Theory Analysis
Charmaz, K. C., & Belgrave, L. L. (2012) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452218403.n25 · Cited by 2,079 · see citing works
The SAGE Handbook of Interview Research: The Complexity of the Craft
Gubrium, J. F., Holstein, J. A., Marvasti, A., & McKinney, K. D. (2012) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452218403 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
The Behavior of Tutoring Systems
VanLehn, K. A. (2006) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.3233/irg-2006-16(3)02 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Ryan, A. M., & Pintrich, P. R. (1997) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.329 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Help Seeking and Help Design in Interactive Learning Environments
Aleven, V., Stahl, E., Schworm, S., Fischer, F., & Wallace, R. (2003) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543073003277 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
ELM-ART: An Adaptive Versatile System for Web-Based Instruction
Weber, G., & Brusilovsky, P. L. (2001) · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Learning sciences
Kafai, Y. B., Sandoval, W. A., & Enyedy, N. (2004) · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Perceived Achievement Goal Structure and College Student Help Seeking.
Karabenick, S. A. (2004) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.96.3.569 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Help-seeking: An understudied problem-solving skill in children
Gall, S. N.-L. (1981) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(81)90019-8 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Toward Meta-cognitive Tutoring: A Model of Help Seeking with a Cognitive Tutor
Aleven, V., McLaren, B. M., Roll, I., & Koedinger, K. R. (2006) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.3233/irg-2006-16(2)02 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Avoiding Seeking Help in the Classroom: Who and Why?
Ryan, A. M., Pintrich, P. R., & Midgley, C. (2001) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009013420053 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
A Review of Generic Program Visualization Systems for Introductory Programming Education
Sorva, J., Karavirta, V., & Malmi, L. (2013) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/2490822 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Ko, A. J., & Myers, B. A. (2004) · doi:10.1145/985692.985712 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Corbett, A. T., & Anderson, J. R. (2001) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/365024.365111 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Help seeking, learning and contingent tutoring
Wood, H., & Wood, D. (1999) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/s0360-1315(99)00030-5 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Help Helps, But Only So Much: Research on Help Seeking with Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Aleven, V., Roll, I., McLaren, B. M., & Koedinger, K. R. (2016) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-015-0089-1 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Data-Driven Hint Generation in Vast Solution Spaces: a Self-Improving Python Programming Tutor
Rivers, K., & Koedinger, K. R. (2015) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-015-0070-z · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Cognitive Computer Tutors: Solving the Two-Sigma Problem
Corbett, A. T. (2001) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-44566-8_14 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Charmaz, K. C., & Henwood, K. L. (2008) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781848607927.n14 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Butler, R. (1998) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.90.4.630 · Cited by 236 · cited 2× · see citing works
“if it is a peer), a desire for independence [41], or because of a perceived threat to competence [7].”
BackgroundLimitations of Student Control: Do Students Know when They Need Help?
Aleven, V., & Koedinger, K. R. (2000) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/3-540-45108-0_33 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Subgoals, Context, and Worked Examples in Learning Computing Problem Solving
Morrison, B. B., Margulieux, L. E., & Guzdial, M. (2015) · Proceedings of the eleventh annual International Conference on International Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/2787622.2787733 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Experiencing programming assignments in CS1: the emotional toll
Kinnunen, P., & Simon, B. (2010) · Proceedings of the Sixth international workshop on Computing education research · doi:10.1145/1839594.1839609 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Lewis, C. M., Anderson, R. E., & Yasuhara, K. (2016) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/2960310.2960332 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Enhancing syntax error messages appears ineffectual
Denny, P. C., Luxton-Reilly, A., & Carpenter, D. (2014) · doi:10.1145/2591708.2591748 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Deciding to major in computer science
Lewis, C. M., Yasuhara, K., & Anderson, R. E. (2011) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/2016911.2016915 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Price, T., Dong, Y., & Lipovac, D. (2017) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3017680.3017762 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationConstraints on question asking in classrooms.
van der Meij, H. (1988) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.80.3.401 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
CS majors' self-efficacy perceptions in CS1: results in light of social cognitive theory
Kinnunen, P., & Simon, B. (2011) · Proceedings of the seventh international workshop on Computing education research · doi:10.1145/2016911.2016917 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The beauty and joy of computing
Garcia, D., Harvey, B. W., & Barnes, T. M. (2015) · ACM Inroads · doi:10.1145/2835184 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationAsk-Elle: an Adaptable Programming Tutor for Haskell Giving Automated Feedback
Gerdes, A., Heeren, B. J., Jeuring, J. T., & van Binsbergen, L. T. (2016) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-015-0080-x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Ecolab: the development and evaluation of a Vygotskian design framework
Luckin, R., & du Boulay, B. (1999) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Strategies that students use to trace code
Fitzgerald, S., Simon, B., & Thomas, L. (2005) · doi:10.1145/1089786.1089793 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Preface for the Special Issue on AI-Supported Education in Computer Science
Barnes, T. M., Boyer, K. E., Hsiao, I., Le, N.-T., & Александрович, С. С. (2016) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-016-0123-y · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationScaffolding, contingent tutoring and computer-supported learning
Wood, D. (2001) · Cited by 78 · see citing works
University students' achievement goals and help-seeking strategies in an intelligent tutoring system
Vaessen, B. E., Prins, F. J., & Jeuring, J. T. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.11.001 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hint Generation Under Uncertainty: The Effect of Hint Quality on Help-Seeking Behavior
Price, T., Zhi, R., & Barnes, T. M. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61425-0_26 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationRoll, I., Aleven, V., McLaren, B. M., Ryu, E. J., Baker, R. S., & Koedinger, K. R. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11774303_36 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Generating Data-Driven Hints for Open-Ended Programming.
Price, T., Dong, Y., & Barnes, T. M. (2016) · Educational Data Mining · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Behavior of Tutoring Systems
VanlehnKurt (2006) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.5555/1435351.1435353 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Newman, R. S. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203763353-12 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Toward Meta-cognitive Tutoring: A Model of Help Seeking with a Cognitive Tutor
AlevenVincent, MclarenBruce, RollIdo, & KoedingerKenneth (2006) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.5555/1435344.1435346 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mercier, J., & Frederiksen, C. H. (2007) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2007.03.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Building theory about computing education phenomena
Kinnunen, P., & Simon, B. (2010) · Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/1930464.1930469 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Computer Science Is Different!
Morrison, B. B. (2015) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/2787622.2787744 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bartholomé, T., Stahl, E., & Bromme, R. (2004) · International Conference of Learning Sciences · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Where students go for knowledge and what they find there
Knox, D., & Fincher, S. A. (2013) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/2493394.2493399 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Challenges in the online component of blended learning: A systematic review
Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., & Abdullah, N. A. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103701 · Cited by 1,472 · see citing works
Marwan, S., Gao, G., Fisk, S. R., Price, T., & Barnes, T. (2020) · International Computing Education Research Workshop · doi:10.1145/3372782.3406264 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationUncovering students’ problem-solving processes in game-based learning environments
Liu, T., & Israel, M. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104462 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Exploring the Impact of Worked Examples in a Novice Programming Environment
Zhi, R., Price, T. W., Marwan, S., Milliken, A., Barnes, T., & Chi, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education · doi:10.1145/3287324.3287385 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Evaluation of the Impact of Automated Programming Hints on Performance and Learning
Marwan, S., Williams, J. J., & Price, T. (2019) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3291279.3339420 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluating the Effectiveness of Parsons Problems for Block-based Programming
Zhi, R., Chi, M., Barnes, T., & Price, T. W. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/3291279.3339419 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationA Comparison of the Quality of Data-Driven Programming Hint Generation Algorithms
Price, T., Dong, Y., Zhi, R., Paaßen, B., Lytle, N., Cateté, V., & Barnes, T. M. (2019) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-019-00177-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterns of Academic Help-Seeking in Undergraduate Computing Students
Doebling, A., & Kazerouni, A. M. (2021) · Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/3488042.3488052 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Unproductive Help-seeking in Programming: What it is and How to Address it
Marwan, S., Dombe, A., & Price, T. (2020) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3341525.3387394 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of Adding Textual Explanations to Next-step Hints in a Novice Programming Environment
Marwan, S., Lytle, N., Williams, J. J., & Price, T. (2019) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3304221.3319759 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationDebugging with an AI Tutor: Investigating Novice Help-seeking Behaviors and Perceived Learning
Yang, S., Zhao, H., Xu, Y., Brennan, K. A., & Schneider, B. (2024) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3632620.3671092 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Inside the Mind of a CS Undergraduate TA
Markel, J. M., & Guo, P. J. (2021) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3408877.3432533 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Haynes-Magyar, C., & Ericson, B. J. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445292 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Using Adaptive Parsons Problems to Scaffold Write-Code Problems
Hou, X., Ericson, B. J., & Wang, X. (2022) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3501385.3543977 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Step Tutor: Supporting Students through Step-by-Step Example-Based Feedback
Wang, W., Rao, Y., Zhi, R., Marwan, S., Gao, G., & Price, T. (2020) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3341525.3387411 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationMalmi, L., Sheard, J., Kinnunen, P., Simon, N. P., & Sinclair, J. E. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3530221 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Maniktala, M., Cody, C., Barnes, T. M., & Chi, M. (2020) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-020-00213-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationNovices' Learning Barriers When Using Code Examples in Open-Ended Programming
Wang, W., Kwatra, A., Skripchuk, J., Gomes, N., Milliken, A., Martens, C., Barnes, T. M., & Price, T. (2021) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3430665.3456370 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationDelivering Round-the-Clock Help to Software Engineering Students Using Discord
Bridson, K., Atkinson, J., & Fleming, S. D. (2022) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3478431.3499385 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Analysis of Novices' Web-Based Help-Seeking Behavior While Programming
Skripchuk, J., Bennett, N., Zhang, J., Li, E., & Price, T. (2023) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3545945.3569852 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSnapCheck: Automated Testing for Snap ! Programs
Wang, W., Zhang, C., Stahlbauer, A., Fraser, G., & Price, T. (2021) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3430665.3456367 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPromoting Students’ Progress-Monitoring Behavior during Block-Based Programming
Marwan, S., Shabrina, P., Milliken, A., Menezes, I., Cateté, V., Price, T., & Barnes, T. M. (2021) · Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/3488042.3488064 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring Design Choices to Support Novices' Example Use During Creative Open-Ended Programming
Wang, W., Meur, A. L., Bobbadi, M., Akram, B., Barnes, T. M., Martens, C., & Price, T. (2022) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3478431.3499374 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationiSnap: Evolution and Evaluation of a Data-Driven Hint System for Block-Based Programming
Marwan, S., & Price, T. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2022.3223577 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring Novice Programmers' Homework Practices
Muller, S., Babeş-Vroman, M., Emenike, M. E., & Nguyen, T. D. (2020) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3328778.3366885 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Greifenstein, L., Obermüller, F., Wasmeier, E., Heuer, U., & Fraser, G. (2021) · Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3481312.3481344 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cohen, A. K., Oleson, A., & Ko, A. J. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3639059 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Trees in the Forest: Characterizing Computing Students' Individual Help-Seeking Approaches
Ko, S.-H., & Stephens-Martinez, K. (2024) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3632620.3671099 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dong, Y., Shabrina, P., Marwan, S., & Barnes, T. M. (2021) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3446871.3469764 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationImmediate Data-Driven Positive Feedback Increases Engagement on Programming Homework for Novices.
Marwan, S., Price, T., Chi, M., & Barnes, T. M. (2020) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Evaluation of Data-Driven Programming Hints in a Classroom Setting
Price, T., Marwan, S., Winters, M., & Williams, J. J. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52240-7_45 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationStudent Perceptions of the Help Resource Landscape
Ko, S.-H., Stephens-Martinez, K., Zahn, M., Velasco, Y., Battestilli, L., & Heckman, S. S. (2025) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3641554.3701851 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effects of Automated Feedback in Scratch Programming Tutorials
Obermüller, F., Greifenstein, L., & Fraser, G. (2023) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3587102.3588803 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lausa, S. M., Bringula, R. P., Catacutan-Bangit, A. E., & Santiago, C. S. (2021) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon46332.2021.9453905 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cody, C., Maniktala, M., Lytle, N., Chi, M., & Barnes, T. M. (2021) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00237-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, J., Fang, L., Liu, Y., Xie, J., & Wang, X. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14060477 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Understanding Programming Students' Help-Seeking Preferences in the Era of Generative AI
Penney, J., Acharya, P., Hilbert, P., Parekh, P., Sarma, A., Steinmacher, I., & Gerosa, M. A. (2025) · ACM Global Computing Education Conference (CompEd) · doi:10.1145/3736181.3747165 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rethinking Computing Students’ Help Resource Utilization through Sequentiality
Ko, S.-H., & Stephens-Martinez, K. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3716860 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Guo, J., Lin, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Li, S., Liu, E., Yao, C., & Ying, F. (2020) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3357236.3395449 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ko, S.-H., Zahn, M., Stephens-Martinez, K., Velasco, Y., Battestilli, L., & Heckman, S. S. (2025) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3702652.3744214 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
On Things that Matter in Learning Programming: Towards a Scale for New Programming Students
Pesonen, H., & Hellas, A. (2022) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie56618.2022.9962572 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Marwan, S., Shi, Y., Menezes, I., Chi, M., Barnes, T. M., & Price, T. (2021) · Educational Data Mining · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Online Learning Help Approach based on Q&A sites in Programming Course
Zhang, L., Chen, T., Ma, Y., & Niu, J. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering · doi:10.1109/tale54877.2022.00014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
AI in CS Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and Pitfalls to Avoid
Vahid, F. (2024) · ACM Inroads · doi:10.1145/3679205 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Prior What Experience? The Relationship Between Prior Experience and Student Help-Seeking Beyond CS1
Ko, S.-H., & Stephens-Martinez, K. (2025) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3724363.3729092 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Paradox of Help Seeking in the Entropy Mastermind Game
Taylor, N., Hofer, M., & Nelson, J. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.533998 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bai, G. R., Sthapit, S., Heckman, S. S., Price, T., & Stolee, K. T. (2023) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3587102.3588781 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationShowpiece: ISnap demonstration
Price, T., & Barnes, T. M. (2017) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vlhcc.2017.8103499 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationAkçay, A., Avan, Ç., & Coşkun, B. K. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2608191 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sarsa, S., Pettersson, J., & Hellas, A. (2022) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie56618.2022.9962561 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Creativity in Children's Digital Music Composition
Ford, C., Bryan–Kinns, N., & Nash, C. (2021) · New Interfaces for Musical Expression · doi:10.21428/92fbeb44.e83deee9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Marwan, S. (2021) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cody, C. (2020) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Maniktala, M. (2020) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Percepções de Professores sobre Recursos de Ajuda em Ferramentas de Programação baseadas em Blocos
Brezolin, C. V. S., & Silveira, M. S. (2022) · Anais do ... Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação/Anais do Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação · doi:10.5753/sbie.2022.224718
LLM Chatbots in High School Programming: Exploring Behaviors and Interventions
Torre, M. V., Specht, M. M., & Oertel, C. (2026) · ACM Symposium on Applied Computing · doi:10.1145/3748522.3779870
Tran, K., Harper, C., & Price, T. (2026) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3765964.3811653
Self-citationStudent Perspectives on the Role of Teaching Assistants in the Age of GenAI
Chao, A., Chen, M., Yuan-kai, Y., Griswold, W. G., Porter, L., & Raj, A. G. S. (2026) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3765964.3811648
Not Built for Us: Marginalized Students’ Visions for Help-Seeking in Computing Education
Edgar, B., Sherif, E., Jiang, J., Uthmaan, S., & Ko, A. J. (2026) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3765964.3811661
Designing Desired Support for Learning Programming with Minoritized Women Students in Computing
Hou, X., Katmanivong, E., Wang, X., & Ericson, B. J. (2026) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3765964.3811666
Sonawane, A. V., Garad, A. P., Puri, H. S. G., & Karande, A. P. (2026) · International Conference on Innovation & Growth in Next-Gen Intelligent Technology & Engineering (IGNITE) · doi:10.1109/ignite69592.2026.11706531
- Authors
- Price, T. W., Liu, Z., Cateté, V., & Barnes, T.
- Affiliations
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2017-08-14
- Pages
- 127-135
- OpenAlex
- W2746960282
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.54
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1623470)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Teaching and Learning Programming
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Keywords
- help-seeking, programming education, human tutors, computer tutors, novice programmers, feedback, student interviews
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
