Ethical Dimensions of Visualization Research
Open accessAbstract
Visualizations have a potentially enormous influence on how data are used to make decisions across all areas of human endeavor. However, it is not clear how this power connects to ethical duties: what obligations do we have when it comes to visualizations and visual analytics systems, beyond our duties as scientists and engineers? Drawing on historical and contemporary examples, I address the moral components of the design and use of visualizations, identify some ongoing areas of visualization research with ethical dilemmas, and propose a set of additional moral obligations that we have as designers, builders, and researchers of visualizations.
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Correll [9] calls for selecting datasets that are of social import or impact as means for advocating for positive change.
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Lan, X., Wu, Y., Shi, Y., Chen, Q., & Cao, N. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517530 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A Scoping Review of Ethics Across SIGCHI
Vilaza, G. N., Doherty, K., McCashin, D., Coyle, D., Bardram, J. E., & Barry, M. (2022) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3532106.3533511 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Data Hunches: Incorporating Personal Knowledge into Visualizations
Lin, H., Akbaba, D., Meyer, M., & Lex, A. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209451 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Troubling Collaboration: Matters of Care for Visualization Design Study
Akbaba, D., Lange, D., Correll, M., Lex, A., & Meyer, M. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581168 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationVisualization Design Practices in a Crisis: Behind the Scenes With COVID-19 Dashboard Creators
Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Gaggiano, J. D., Kumar, N., Andris, C., & Parker, A. G. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209493 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Counterfactual Explanations for Machine Learning: Challenges RevisitedPreprint
Verma, S., Dickerson, J. P., & Hines, K. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.07756 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Design Sensibilities - Designing for Cultural Sensitivity
Häkkilä, J., Wiberg, M., Eira, N. J., Seppänen, T., Juuso, I., Mäkikalli, M., & Wolf, K. (2020) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3419249.3420100 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Deconstructing Categorization in Visualization Recommendation: A Taxonomy and Comparative Study
Lee, D. J., Setlur, V., Tory, M. K., Karahalios, K. G., & Parameswaran, A. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3085751 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bhattacharjee, K., Chen, M., & Dasgupta, A. (2020) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.14032 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stokes, C., Xiong, C., & Hearst, M. A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3338451 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Baumer, E. P. S., Jasim, M., Sarvghad, A., & Mahyar, N. (2022) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.14518 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Entanglements for Visualization: Changing Research Outcomes through Feminist Theory
Akbaba, D., Klein, L. F., & Meyer, M. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456171 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Jasim, M., Hoque, E., Sarvghad, A., & Mahyar, N. (2021) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3461778.3462132 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Same Data, Diverging Perspectives: The Power of Visualizations to Elicit Competing Interpretations
Xiong, C., van Weelden, L., Waytz, A. G., & Franconeri, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3388515 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zehrung, R., Singhal, A., Correll, M., & Battle, L. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445195 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationSituating Datasets: Making Public Eviction Data Actionable for Housing Justice
Tran, A.-T., Guo, G., Taylor, J., Chan, K. A., Raymond, E. L., & DiSalvo, C. F. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642452 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lamqaddam, H., Moere, A. V., Abeele, V. V., Brosens, K., & Verbert, K. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3030426 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The algorithmic public opinion: a literature reviewPreprint
Gandini, A., Gerosa, A., Gobbo, B., Keeling, S., Leonini, L., Mosca, L., Orofino, M., Reviglio, U., & Splendore, S. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/m6zn8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Panagiotidou, G., Poblome, J., Aerts, J. A., & Moere, A. V. (2022) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/s10606-022-09432-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
We are the Data: Challenges and Opportunities for Creating Demographically Diverse Anthropographics
Dhawka, P., He, H. A., & Willett, W. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581086 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gaba, A., Setlur, V., Srinivasan, A., Hoffswell, J., & Xiong, C. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209456 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Card-Based Approach to Engage Exploring Ethics in AI for Data Visualization
Wang, Z., Hao, S., & Carpendale, S. (2024) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3613905.3650972 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
DebateVis: Visualizing Political Debates for Non-Expert Users
South, L., Schwab, M., Beauchamp, N., Wang, L., Wihbey, J., & Borkin, M. A. (2020) · Visualization · doi:10.1109/vis47514.2020.00055 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lan, X., & Liu, Y. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456341 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Elli, T., Bradley, A. J., Collins, C. M., Hinrichs, U., Hills, Z., & Kelsky, K. (2020) · IEEE VIS Arts Program (VISAP) · doi:10.1109/visap51628.2020.00010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schaper, M.-M., & Parés, N. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3503551 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Equity Dashboards: Data Visualizations for Assessing Inequities in a Hospital Setting
Migita, D. S., Cooper, A., Barry, D., Bettinger, B., Tieder, A., & Sharek, P. J. (2023) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-058848 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Snyder, J. (2020) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3357236.3395463 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Scoping Review of Informed Consent Practices in Human–Computer Interaction Research
Schwind, V., Tadesse, N. Z., da Cunha, E. S., Hamidi, Y., Sultani, S. S., & Sehrt, J. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3721284 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Untangling Rhetoric, Pathos, and Aesthetics in Data Visualization
Prantl, V. I., Möller, T. B., & Koesten, L. M. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3628181 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bao, C., Li, S., Flores, S. G., Correll, M., & Battle, L. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501891 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationFischer, M. T., Hirsbrunner, S. D., Jentner, W., Miller, M., Keim, D. A., & Helm, P. (2022) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3531146.3533151 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Web-Based COVID-19 Dashboards and Trackers in the United States: Survey Study
Clarkson, M. D. (2023) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/43819 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
When the Body Became Data: Historical Data Cultures and Anatomical Illustration
Correll, M., & Garrison, L. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642056 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationV-FRAMER: Visualization Framework for Mitigating Reasoning Errors in Public Policy
Ge, L. W., Easterday, M. W., Kay, M., Dimara, E., Cheng, P., & Franconeri, S. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642750 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dritsa, D., & Houben, S. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3685268 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Reflections and Considerations on Running Creative Visualization Learning Activities
Roberts, J. C., Bach, B., Boucher, M., Chevalier, F., Diehl, A., Hinrichs, U., Huron, S., Kirk, A., Knudsen, S., Meirelles, I., et al. (2022) · 2022 IEEE 4th Workshop on Visualization Guidelines in Research, Design, and Education (VisGuides) · doi:10.1109/visguides57787.2022.00009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
User Ex Machina : Simulation as a Design Probe in Human-in-the-Loop Text Analytics
Crisan, A., & Correll, M. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445425 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationCausal Perception in Question-Answering Systems
Law, P.-M., Lo, L. Y., Endert, A., Stasko, J., & Qu, H. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445444 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, J., Shu, X., Bach, B., & Hinrichs, U. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456311 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhao, L., & Ye, W. (2022) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565211069872 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Iceberg Sensemaking: A Process Model for Critical Data Analysis
Berret, C., & Munzner, T. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3486613 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Divining Insights: Visual Analytics Through Cartomancy
McNutt, A. M., Crisan, A., & Correll, M. (2020) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3334480.3381814 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCan GPT-4 Models Detect Misleading Visualizations?
Alexander, J., Nanda, P., Yang, K.-C., & Sarvghad, A. (2024) · Visualization · doi:10.1109/vis55277.2024.00029 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Confirmation Bias: The Double-Edged Sword of Data Facts in Visual Data Communication
Li, S. H., Davidson, T. J., Xiong, C., & Wall, E. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713831 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Disentangling the Power Dynamics in Participatory Data Physicalisation
Cazacu, S., Panagiotidou, G., Steenberghen, T., & Moere, A. V. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713703 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Designing Technology for Sociotechnical Problems: Challenges and Considerations
Mahyar, N., Jasim, M., & Sarvghad, A. (2020) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2020.3017405 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Governor: Turning Open Government Data Portals into Interactive Databases
Liu, C., Usta, A., Zhao, J., & Salihoğlu, S. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580868 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
On the Potential of Zines as a Medium for Visualization
McNutt, A. M. (2021) · Visualization · doi:10.1109/vis49827.2021.9623294 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Designing the Experience for Virtual Graveyard Heritage Sites
Häkkilä, J., Mustonen, S., Taikina-Aho, J.-M., Colley, J., Puljujärvi, M., & Paananen, S. (2024) · International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM) · doi:10.1145/3701571.3703377 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cunha, B. M., & Barbosa, S. D. J. (2024) · Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC) · doi:10.1145/3702038.3702093 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Eleven Years of Gender Data Visualization: A Step Towards More Inclusive Gender Representation
Cabric, F., Bjarnadóttir, M. V., Ling, M., Rafnsdóttir, G. L., & Isenberg, P. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3327369 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Milesi, M. E., & Martínez‐Maldonado, R. (2024) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3636555.3636865 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
van Berkel, N., Tag, B., Jacobsen, R. M., Russo, D., Purchase, H. C., & Buschek, D. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103359 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An Unquantified Uncertainty Visualization Design Space During the Opioid Crisis
Weatherston, J., Périn, C., Hore, D. K., Wallace, B. B., & Storey, M. (2020) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3334480.3383072 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Making the Invisible Visible: Risks and Benefits of Disclosing Metadata in Visualization
Burns, A., On, T., Lee, C., Shapiro, R., Xiong, C., & Mahyar, N. (2021) · IEEE Workshop on Visualization for Social Good (VIS4Good) · doi:10.1109/vis4good54225.2021.00008 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pluriverse perspectives in designing for a cultural heritage context in the digital age
Häkkilä, J., Paananen, S., Suoheimo, M., & Mäkikalli, M. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003285175-14 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
What Can Interactive Visualization Do for Participatory Budgeting in Chicago?
Kale, A. M., Liu, D., Ayala, M. G., Schwab, H., & McNutt, A. M. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456343 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Discursive Patinas: Anchoring Discussions in Data Visualizations
Kauer, T., Akbaba, D., Dörk, M., & Bach, B. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456334 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Woo, R., Harley, D., & Wallace, J. R. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661626 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sarigai, S., Yang, L., Slack, K., Lane, K. M. D., Buenemann, M., Wu, Q., Woodhull, G., & Driscol, J. (2024) · Transactions in GIS · doi:10.1111/tgis.13277 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Towards Modeling Visualization Processes as Dynamic Bayesian Networks
Heine, C. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3030395 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
`A Fair Game?': Using Narrative Sensification and Embodied Metaphors for Awareness
Arango, V. J. M., Ovais, M., Youssef, Y., Das, S., van Koningsbruggen, R., & Hornecker, E. (2024) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/3623509.3633375 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Topography of Violence: Considerations for Ethical and Collaborative Visualization Design
Ehmel, F., Brüggemann, V., & Dörk, M. (2021) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.14285 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Communicating Consequences: Visual Narratives, Abstraction, and Polysemy in Rural Bangladesh
Sultana, S., Ahmed, S. I., & Rzeszotarski, J. M. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581149 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The superiority of graphics over text in long-term memory retention
Ciccione, L., Caroti, D., Liu, S., Giardino, V., Pasquinelli, E., & Dehaene, S. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02708-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
TAPESTRY: A De-Centralized Service for Trusted Interaction Online
Yang, Y., Cooper, D., Collomosse, J. P., Drăgan, C. C., Manulis, M., Steane, J., Manohar, A. K., Briggs, J., Jones, H. S., & Moncur, W. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Services Computing · doi:10.1109/tsc.2020.2993081 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Considering Visualization Example Galleries
Yang, J., McNutt, A. M., & Battle, L. (2024) · 2024 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vl/hcc60511.2024.00043 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Correll [9], referring to example data more generally, calls for selecting datasets that are of social import or impact as means for advocating for positive change.”
BackgroundCritical Interactivity: Exploration and Narration in Data Visualization
Morini, F., Garretón, M., Pomerance, J., Zeissig, N., de Günther, S., Thomet, F., Freyberg, L., Kyriazis, I., Scholz, A., & Dörk, M. (2025) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2025.3544684 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Nudging with Narrative Visualization: Communicating to a Young Adult Audience in the Pandemic
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Visualization for VillainyPreprint
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Communicating qualitative uncertainty in data visualization
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ChartChecker: A User-Centred Approach to Support the Understanding of Misleading Charts
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Cybersecurity Data Visualization: Designing a Course for Future High School Students
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Disclose to Tell: a Data Design Framework for Alternative Narratives
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- Authors
- Correll, M.
- Affiliations
- Tableau Software (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Correll, Michael
- ORCID
- Correll, Michael
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2019-05-02
- Pages
- 1-13
- OpenAlex
- W2952342347
- Semantic Scholar
- 69b2495fe5093ae56a1ccbf9a9e55b87d677fec9
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 5.00
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Data Visualization and Analytics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Keywords
- visual analytics, moral obligation, data visualization design, ethical dilemmas, decision-making, professional ethics
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