The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metaphoria: An Algorithmic Companion for Metaphor Creation
Abstract
Creative writing, from poetry to journalism, is at the crux of human ingenuity and social interaction. Existing creative writing support tools produce entire passages or fully formed sentences, but these approaches fail to adapt to the writer's own ideas and intentions. Instead we posit to build tools that generate ideas coherent with the writer's context and encourage writers to produce divergent outcomes. To explore this, we focus on supporting metaphor creation. We present Metaphoria, an interactive system that generates metaphorical connections based on an input word from the writer. Our studies show that Metaphoria provides more coherent suggestions than existing systems, and supports the expression of writers' unique intentions. We discuss the complex issue of ownership in human-machine collaboration and how to build adaptive creativity support tools in other domains.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Early work on understanding AI co-writing in creative contexts suggested that AI involvement may decrease writers' sense of ownership [21, 22].”
From Where Do I 'Add the Egg'?: Exploring Agency and Ownership in AI Creative Co-Writing Systems (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Planning support in this context is focused on extending and organizing the user's ideas, often through analogies and cross-domain reasoning [38,62].”
From Co-Writing with AI, on Human Terms: Aligning Research with User Demands Across the Writing Process (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“Our findings reinforce prior work that has also identified the importance of these three dimensions [31, 33, 71, 92].”
From Which Contributions Deserve Credit? Perceptions of Attribution in Human-AI Co-Creation (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“One of the core abilities of GenAI is recognizing patterns from trained data and generating content [1], allowing for human-AI co-creative tasks and activities like writing [21,22,31], drawing [19,36], filmmaking [7,27,56,57] and more.”
From Child-AI Co-Creation: A Review of the Current Research Landscape and a Proposal for Six Design Considerations (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
Citations
Cites
Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation
Pennington, J., Socher, R., & Manning, C. (2014) · Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.3115/v1/d14-1162 · Cited by 34,071
Advances in neural information processing systems 7
(1996) · Computers & Mathematics with Applications · doi:10.1016/s0898-1221(96)90463-0 · Cited by 14,759
The way we think: conceptual blending and the mind's hidden complexities
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-1223 · Cited by 5,306
Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas
Warriner, A. B., Kuperman, V., & Brysbaert, M. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0314-x · Cited by 1,959
From Word Embeddings To Document Distances
Kusner, M. J., Sun, Y., Kolkin, N., & Weinberger, K. Q. (2015) · PolyPublie (École Polytechnique de Montréal) · Cited by 1,695
ConceptNet — A Practical Commonsense Reasoning Tool-Kit
Liu, H., & Singh, P. (2004) · BT Technology Journal · doi:10.1023/b:bttj.0000047600.45421.6d · Cited by 1,570
Principles of mixed-initiative user interfaces
Horvitz, E. (1999) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems the CHI is the limit - CHI '99 · doi:10.1145/302979.303030 · Cited by 1,490
Dependency-Based Word Embeddings
Levy, O., & Goldberg, Y. (2014) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.3115/v1/p14-2050 · Cited by 1,125
Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy
GENTNER, D. (1983) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/s0364-0213(83)80009-3 · Cited by 816
Soylent: a word processor with a crowd inside
Bernstein, M. S., Little, G., Miller, R. C., Hartmann, B., Ackerman, M. S., Karger, D. R., Crowell, D., & Panovich, K. (2010) · Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology · doi:10.1145/1866029.1866078 · Cited by 686
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- 10.5555/3505288.3505290 · DOI
- 10.1207/s15516709cog0702_3 · DOI · Paper page
- Sam Glucksberg, Matthew S McGlone, Yosef Grodzinsky, and Katrin Amunts. 2001. Understanding figurative language: From metaphor to idioms. Number 36. Oxford University Press on Demand.
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226470986.001.0001 · DOI
- 10.5555/1855062 · DOI
- 10.5555/2999792.2999959 · DOI
- Hugo Gonçalo Oliveira. 2012. PoeTryMe: a versatile platform for poetry generation. Computational Creativity, Concept Invention, and General Intelligence 1 (2012), 21.
- 10.5555/1619797.1619881 · DOI
- 10.5555/3019202 · DOI
- Ge Wang. 2008. The ChucK Audio Programming Language: An Stronglytimed and On-the-fly Environ/mentality. Ph.D. Dissertation. Princeton University.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–150 of 150
SynthBio: A Case Study in Human-AI Collaborative Curation of Text DatasetsPreprint
Yuan, A., Ippolito, D., Nikolaev, V., Callison-Burch, C., Coenen, A., & Gehrmann, S. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.06467 · Cited by 18
Metaphor identification in cybersecurity texts: a lightweight linguistic approach
Hilton, K., Namin, A. S., & Jones, K. S. (2022) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-022-04939-8 · Cited by 7
Nabokov's Cards: An AI Assisted Prewriting System to Support Bottom-Up Creative Writing
Carrera, D., Zhao, Z., Ajin Thomas, A., & Wigdor, D. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3698061.3726916 · Cited by 6
Navigating Generative AI Disclosure, Ownership, and Accountability in Co-Creative Domains
Do, H. J., Feldman, M. Q., He, J., Hwang, A. H.-C., & Kim, S. (2025) · Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work · doi:10.1145/3707640.3729212 · Cited by 8
Supporting Novice Researchers to Write Literature Review using Language Models
Choe, K., Park, S., Jung, S., Kim, H., Yang, J. W., Hong, H., & Seo, J. (2024) · Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613905.3650787 · Cited by 6
Reactive Writers: How Co-Writing with AI Changes How We Engage with Ideas
Bhat, A., Quéré, M. A. L., Naaman, M., & Naaman, M. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791529 · Cited by 12
Peng, Z. (2021) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3411763.3443424 · Cited by 5
Ink and algorithm: Exploring temporal dynamics in generative AI ‐assisted writing
Yang, K., Cheng, Y., Zhao, L., Raković, M., Swiecki, Z., Gašević, D., & Chen, G. (2026) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.70031 · Cited by 22
Zhou, D., Gallagher, J. R., & Sterman, S. (2025) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3698061.3726907 · Cited by 6
Endless forms most similar: the dearth of the author in AI-supported art
Kreminski, M. (2026) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02326-6 · Cited by 4
BI-CST: Behavioral Science-based Creativity Support Tool for Overcoming Design Fixation.
Yoo, D., & Joo, J. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3656156.3663704 · Cited by 4
Huang, C.-Y., & Huang, T.-H. (2021) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.215 · Cited by 4
Main, A., & Grierson, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2007.04848 · Cited by 4
MERMAID: Metaphor Generation with Symbolism and Discriminative DecodingPreprint
Chakrabarty, T., Zhang, X., Muresan, S., & Peng, N. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2103.06779 · Cited by 4
Louie, R., Engel, J., & Huang, A. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.14951 · Cited by 4
Where Do I 'Add the Egg'?: Exploring Agency and Ownership in AI Creative Co-Writing Systems
Carrera, D., Thomas-Mitchell, J., & Wigdor, D. (2026) · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791952 · Cited by 3
“Early work on understanding AI co-writing in creative contexts suggested that AI involvement may decrease writers’ sense of ownership [24, 25].”
Yapay Zekâ Modelleriyle Üretilen Görsellerdeki Yaratıcılık Olgusuna Çok Boyutlu Bir Yaklaşım
GÜLAÇTI, İ. E. (2023) · JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HUMANITIES AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES · doi:10.29228/joshas.67510 · Cited by 4
ArtAI4DS: AI Art and Its Empowering Role in Digital Storytelling
Fernandes, T., Nisi, V., Nunes, N., & James, S. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74353-5_6 · Cited by 6
Ink and Individuality: Crafting a Personalised Narrative in the Age of LLMs
Wasi, A. T., Islam, R., & Islam, M. R. (2024) · Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants · doi:10.1145/3690712.3690724 · Cited by 2
Mixed Initiative Comic Making in the Wild: Taking an Artist’s Approach Out of the Studio
Knight, Y., & Eladhari, M. P. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12405-0_4 · Cited by 2
Noise Pilot: Enabling Artistic Workflow Composition with Diffusion-Based Image Generation
Smith, J., Almeda, S. G., Aveni, T. J., Agarwal, A., & Hartmann, B. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790531 · Cited by 2
DuoDrama: Supporting Screenplay Refinement Through LLM-Assisted Human Reflection
Tang, Y., Chen, X., Li, H., Xie, X., Ma, X., & Qu, H. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790568 · Cited by 2
From Crafting Text to Crafting Thought: Grounding AI Writing Support to Writing Center Pedagogy
Liu, Y., Gallagher, J., Sterman, S., & August, T. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790292 · Cited by 4
From Planning to Revision: How AI Writing Support at Different Stages Alters Ownership
Gero, K. I., Long, T., Schnitzler, C., & Dhillon, P. S. (2026) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3800645.3813003 · Cited by 4
Self-citationChacón, R., Vieira, C., & Murzi, H. (2023) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie58773.2023.10343373 · Cited by 2
Wan, Q., Li, J., Wang, H., & Lu, Z. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757497 · Cited by 6
Designing Accessible Content Creation Support with Blind and Low Vision Creators
Zhang, L. (2024) · ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing · doi:10.1145/3654768.3654775 · Cited by 3
"Hunt Takes Hare": Theming Games Through Game-Word Vector Translation
Rabii, Y., & Cook, M. L. (2024) · International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG) · doi:10.1145/3649921.3659851 · Cited by 1
SYNthia: An Interface Concept for Writing With Large Language Models
Liang, I., & Gero, K. I. (2025) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3698061.3734401 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSupporting Material Writing Practice with Phraselette, a Palette of Phrases
Calderwood, A., Kim, T., Sun, Y., Roemmele, M., Chung, J. J. Y., & Kreminski, M. (2025) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3715668.3735608 · Cited by 1
AI and the Future of Literary Creation
Kayyali, M. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1057-2.ch004 · Cited by 1
Generative AI in Children's Creative Collaboration: Impact, Perception, and Design Guidelines
Yoo, D., Newman, M., Pitt, C. R., Vo, K. H., Zhang, M., Kim, M., Davis, K., & Yip, J. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790907 · Cited by 4
Li, X. J., Wang, T., Wang, W., & Liu, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1848701 · Cited by 1
Writing Process Graphs as Endpoints for AI Writing Assistance
Zhou, D., Chen, A., & Sterman, S. (2024) · Workshop on Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants (In2Writing) · doi:10.1145/3690712.3690721 · Cited by 2
Rafner, J. F. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197698181.013.0043 · Cited by 3
PopNet: a Pop Culture Knowledge Association Network for Supporting Creative ConnectionsPreprint
Wang, S., & Chilton, L. B. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Self-citationMusiComb: a Sample-based Approach to Music Generation Through Constraints
Giuliani, L., Ballerini, F., Filippo, A. D., & Borghesi, A. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) · doi:10.1109/ictai59109.2023.00036
Використання ChatGPT як асистента у творчому письмі
Фіялка, С. Б., & Гончарук, Т. Г. (2024) · Технологія і техніка друкарства · doi:10.20535/2077-7264.1(83).2024.297845
Enhancing Genre Fidelity in Children's Story Generation via Fine-Tuned LLMs
Pramanik, S., Chawdhury, A., Biswas, P., & Bhattacharjee, S. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Photonics, Artificial Intelligence & Networking (QPAIN) · doi:10.1109/qpain66474.2025.11171897
Wang, Z., & Jin, Y. (2024) · International Symposium of Chinese CHI (Chinese CHI) · doi:10.1145/3758871.3758940 · Cited by 1
Liang, Z., Chen, Y., Madi, N. A., & Liu, C. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791209
Sci-Fi Spark: A Human-AI Co-Creation System for Science Fiction Ideation
Jiang, Z., Cheang, W., Xu, X., Zuo, H., Zheng, C., & Chen, L. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791950 · Cited by 1
Zhang, Y., Jia, K., Zhang, H. J., Zhu, K., Meng, C., Zhang, J., Li, Z., Chen, P., & Sun, L. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791460 · Cited by 1
Supporting Reviewing Reviews: How HCI Authors Handle Peer Reviews of Manuscripts
Yeung, C. A., Stark, J., Li, J., Chevalier, F., Park, J., Kim, Y., & Tang, A. (2025) · International Conference on Human-Engaged Computing (ICHEC) · doi:10.1145/3786995.3786998
GeoAuthor: Linking Text and Visualization for Geographic Article Authoring
Chen, Z., Zhan, H., Chen, S., Deng, Z., Weng, D., & Wu, Y. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3697212
The Generation Effect and AI-Assisted Writing: Towards a Framework of Cognitive Fidelity
Dalsgaard, P. (2026) · European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics · doi:10.1145/3822301.3822343
Exploring the Impact of AI-powered Creativity Support Tools on Professional Creative Workflows
Moruzzi, C., Bird, C., & Herman, L. M. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3816933
Magic Easel: Environment-Grounded Visual Inspiration for Gen AI Creativity Support
Purnamasari, L. S., Chen, H., Kannan, S., Ratliff, J., & Kim, H. (2026) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3829807.3829832
Hosseinian, F., & Sheikhansari, I. (2026) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-026-01437-0
Where Do I 'Add the Egg'?: Exploring Agency and Ownership in AI Creative Co-Writing Systems
Carrera, D., Thomas-Mitchell, J., & Wigdor, D. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.15440
Metadata
- Authors
- Gero, K. I., & Chilton, L. B.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2019-05-02
- Pages
- 1-12
- OpenAlex
- W2941884113
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 171.05
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (DGE - 1644869)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Artistic and Creative Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Design Education and Practice
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- metaphor production, human-machine collaboration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
