An Assessment of Blockchain Identity Solutions: Minimizing Risk and Liability of Authentication
Abstract
Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is often used to perform authentication and acts as a gateway to personal and organizational information. One weak link in the architecture of identity management services is sufficient to cause exposure and risk identity. Recently, we have witnessed a shift in identity management solutions with the growth of blockchain. Blockchain—the decentralized ledger system—provides a unique answer addressing security and privacy with its embedded immutability. In a blockchain-based identity solution, the user is given the control of his/her identity by storing personal information on his/her device and having the choice of identity verification document used later to create blockchain attestations. Yet, the blockchain technology alone is not enough to produce a better identity solution. The user cannot make informed decisions as to which identity verification document to choose if he/she is not presented with tangible guidelines. In the absence of scientifically created practical guidelines, these solutions and the choices they offer may become overwhelming and even defeat the purpose of providing a more secure identity solution.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2017) · Cited by 1,724 · see citing works
A Review on the Use of Blockchain for the Internet of Things
Fernandez-Carames, T. M., & Fraga-Lamas, P. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2842685 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
A first look at identity management schemes on the blockchain
Dunphy, P., & Petitcolas, F. A. P. (2018) · IEEE Security & Privacy · doi:10.1109/msp.2018.3111247 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Blockchain Consensus Protocols in the WildPreprint
Cachin, C., & Vukolić, M. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1707.01873 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Modeling and analysis of identity threat behaviors through text mining of identity theft stories
Zaeem, R. N., Manoharan, M., Yang, Y., & Barber, K. S. (2016) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2016.11.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentity Threat Assessment and Prediction
Zaiss, J., Zaeem, R. N., & Barber, K. S. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12191 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationZaeem, R. N., Budalakoti, S., Barber, K. S., Rasheed, M., & Bajaj, C. (2016) · IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) · doi:10.1109/ccst.2016.7815701 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk Kit: Highlighting Vulnerable Identity Assets for Specific Age Groups
Zaeem, R. N., Manoharan, M., & Barber, K. S. (2016) · European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference · doi:10.1109/eisic.2016.014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationRana, R., Zaeem, R. N., & Barber, K. S. (2018) · IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) · doi:10.1109/ccst.2018.8585479 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Bibliometric Analysis of Sustainability and Risk Management
Nobanee, H., Hamadi, F. Y. A., Abdulaziz, F. A., Abukarsh, L. S., Alqahtani, A. F., AlSubaey, S. K., Alqahtani, S. M., & Almansoori, H. A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13063277 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Decentralized and Self-Sovereign Identity: Systematic Mapping Study
Cucko, S., & Turkanovic, M. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3117588 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“After verifying, validated identity attestations are recorded on a distributed ledger for later verification by third parties [11], [18], [26].”
BackgroundMethodBlockchain-driven decentralized identity management: An interdisciplinary review and research agenda
Yan, Z., Zhao, X., Liu, Y., & Luo, X. R. (2024) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2024.104026 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Patra, A., Pandey, A., Hassija, V., Chamola, V., & Mishra, R. P. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3452184 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Systematic Literature Mapping on Using Blockchain Technology in Identity Management
Ngo, T. T. T., Dang, T. A., Huynh, V. V., & Le, T. C. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3256519 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Unified smart home resource access along with authentication using Blockchain technology
Mukherjee, A., Balachandra, M., Pujari, C., Tiwari, S., Nayar, A., & Payyavula, S. R. (2021) · Global Transitions Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.gltp.2021.01.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
TVS: a trusted verification scheme for office documents based on blockchain
Zhai, X. M., Pang, S., Wang, M., Qiao, S., & Lv, Z. (2022) · Complex & Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00617-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Madanchian, M., & Taherdoost, H. (2026) · Blockchains · doi:10.3390/blockchains4010002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
DigiBlock: Digital Self-sovereign Identity on Distributed Ledger based on Blockchain
Bhattacharjee, P., Prakash, C., Gairola, S., Lala, S. S., & Mukherjee, P. (2022) · International Conference on Advancements in Smart, Secure and Intelligent Computing (ASSIC) · doi:10.1109/assic55218.2022.10088367 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
BIA: A Blockchain-based Identity Authorization Mechanism
Ren, X., Lin, F., Chen, Z., Tang, C., Zheng, Z., & Li, M. (2020) · International Conference on Mobility, Sensing and Networking (MSN) · doi:10.1109/msn50589.2020.00031 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
PrivacyCheck’s Machine Learning to Digest Privacy Policies: Competitor Analysis and Usage Patterns
Zaeem, R. N., Anya, S., Issa, A., Nimergood, J., Rogers, I., Shah, V., Srivastava, A. K., & Barber, K. S. (2020) · IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT) · doi:10.1109/wiiat50758.2020.00042 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationLourenço, J., de Morais, J. C. P., Sá, S., Neves, N. C., Figueiredo, F. A. V., & Santos, M. C. (2023) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6585-2_65 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Blockchain Based Framework for Document Authentication and Management of Daily Business Records
Chauhan, P., Verma, J. P. V., Jain, S., & Rai, R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67490-8_19 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Qaqish, E., Aranki, A., Al-Haija, Q. S. A., & Qusef, A. D. (2023) · International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT) · doi:10.1109/icict57646.2023.10134231 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Identity Management in Internet of Things with Blockchain
Polychronaki, M., Kogias, D. G., & Patrikakis, C. Z. (2022) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9260-4_9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Distributed Authentication using Self Sovereign Identities
Annadurai, C., Sikora, A., & Welte, D. (2024) · International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Dependable Internet of Things (ICETI) · doi:10.1109/iceti63946.2024.10777147 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zaeem, R. N., & Barber, K. S. (2020) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61146-0_13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationKölbel, T., Härdtner, M.-C., & Weinhardt, C. (2023) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2023.490 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Survival Game Analysis to Personal Identity Protection Strategies
Liau, D., Zaeem, R. N., & Barber, K. S. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Intelligent Systems and Applications (TPS-ISA) · doi:10.1109/tps-isa50397.2020.00036 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficient and Revocable Anonymous Account Guarantee System Based on Blockchain
Liang, W., Wang, Y., Ding, Y., Liang, H., Yang, C., & Wang, H. (2024) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54521-4_10
Implementing Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs) and Blockchain Technology for Real-Time Stock Trading
Patil, A. P., Somani, V., Harikrishnan, V., Shanbhag, S. S., & Saxena, B. N. (2024) · Data-intensive research · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9179-2_31
Entropy-Based Correlation Analysis for Privacy Risk Assessment in IoT Identity Ecosystem
Chang, K. C., & Barber, K. S. (2025) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e27070723
Self-citationFan, Y., Liu, Q., Xiaoyu, X., & Jian, W. (2026) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-6813-0_14
Real-Time Identity Verification for 6G Network Slicing Using Blockchain and Machine Learning
Al-Zaidi, O. W., & Al-Hubaishi, M. (2026) · International Conference on Computational Intelligence Approaches and Applications (ICCIAA) · doi:10.1109/icciaa68481.2026.11543653
Blockchain-Enabled Secure Identity Management with ML-Driven Threat Analytics
Gangrade, M., & Sivasamy, S. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-30005-8_6
- Authors
- Rana, R., Zaeem, R. N., & Barber, K. S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2019-10-14
- Pages
- 26-33
- OpenAlex
- W2981269330
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › User Authentication and Security Systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Keywords
- blockchain-based identity, decentralized identity, identity management, authentication, personally identifiable information, privacy, security risks, liability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
