ViCE: visual counterfactual explanations for machine learning models
Abstract
The continued improvements in the predictive accuracy of machine learning models have allowed for their widespread practical application. Yet, many decisions made with seemingly accurate models still require verification by domain experts. In addition, end-users of a model also want to understand the reasons behind specific decisions. Thus, the need for interpretability is increasingly paramount. In this paper we present an interactive visual analytics tool, ViCE, that generates counterfactual explanations to contextualize and evaluate model decisions. Each sample is assessed to identify the minimal set of changes needed to flip the model's output. These explanations aim to provide end-users with personalized actionable insights with which to understand, and possibly contest or improve, automated decisions. The results are effectively displayed in a visual interface where counterfactual explanations are highlighted and interactive methods are provided for users to explore the data and model. The functionality of the tool is demonstrated by its application to a home equity line of credit dataset.
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Counterfactual explanation generation appears highly relevant to sequential tasks in robotics such as automatic planning.
“Contfactual explanation generation appears highly relevant to sequential tasks in robotics such as automatic planning [94], [157], [161].”
From A Survey of Contrastive and Counterfactual Explanation Generation Methods for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
Kim et al.'s framework [94] operates on a pair of plan traces defined in terms of linear temporal logic templates.
“Thus, the framework operates on a pair of plan traces defined in terms of linear temporal logic templates.”
From A Survey of Contrastive and Counterfactual Explanation Generation Methods for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
In Kim et al.'s framework [94], the problem of obtaining contrastive explanations is designed as a Bayesian inference problem, with the posterior distribution to be maximized defined as the probability of a contrastive explanation given a set of positive and negative plan traces.
“The problem of obtaining contrastive explanations is designed as a Bayesian inference problem, with the posterior distribution to be maximized defined as the probability of a contrastive explanation given a set of positive and negative plan traces.”
From A Survey of Contrastive and Counterfactual Explanation Generation Methods for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
Kim et al. employ a Bayesian probabilistic model for generating contrastive explanations [94].
“For instance, Kim et al. employ a Bayesian probabilistic model for generating contrastive explanations [94].”
From A Survey of Contrastive and Counterfactual Explanation Generation Methods for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
Numerical counterfactual explanations can be represented as logical formulas.
“They can be represented as logical formulas [67], [93], [94]”
From A Survey of Contrastive and Counterfactual Explanation Generation Methods for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
A number of the frameworks are evaluated by means of accuracy-based metrics.
“A number of the frameworks are evaluated by means of accuracy-based metrics [61], [91], [94], [159].”
From A Survey of Contrastive and Counterfactual Explanation Generation Methods for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
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Lan, H., Pu, J., Xia, Y., He, Y., Zhang, Y., Huang, J., & Rao, Y. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71315-6_4
Ordibazar, A. H., Hussain, O. K., Chakrabortty, R. K., et al. (2025) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87769-8_16
Bucur, D., Miotto, S., Custode, L. L., Migliore, C. C. R., & Iacca, G. (2025) · Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion (GECCO Companion) · doi:10.1145/3712255.3734299 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
UGCE: User-Guided Incremental Counterfactual Exploration
Fragkathoulas, C., & Pitoura, E. (2025) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11229277
Kölmel, L., Becker, M., Schwall, F., Hild, J., Birnstill, P., Deml, B., & Beyerer, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5893623
Sawada, S., & Toyoda, M. (2025) · International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction (VINCI) · doi:10.1145/3769534.3769602
ReVise: A Human-AI Interface for Incremental Algorithmic Recourse
Bhattacharjee, K., Yuan, J., & Dasgupta, A. (2025) · Visualization · doi:10.1109/vis60296.2025.00036
Self-citationA Novel Objective Function for Counterfactual Explanations Using Conic Optimization
Galwaduge, V., Wijethunga, R., Sadhu, A., et al. (2025) · International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC) · doi:10.1109/icac69156.2025.11361508
Explaining Time Series Classifications Counterfactually: A Human-Centered Evaluation
Delaney, E. D., Warren, G., Greene, D., & Keane, M. T. (2026) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society · doi:10.1609/aies.v9i1.43183
- Authors
- Gomez, O., Holter, S., Yuan, J., & Bertini, E.
- Affiliations
- New York University Abu Dhabi
- New York University Abu Dhabi (AE)
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2020-03-17
- Pages
- 531-535
- OpenAlex
- W3009804117
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- DARPA D3M program
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Data Visualization and Analytics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Software › Software Testing and Debugging Techniques
- Keywords
- counterfactual explanations, model interpretability, visual analytics, interactive data exploration, explainable machine learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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