The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
Abstract
The development of a parameterized facial muscle process, that incorporates the use of a model to create realistic facial animation is described.Existing methods of facial parameterization have the inherent problem of hard-wiring performable actions. The development of a muscle process that is controllable by a limited number of parameters and is non-specific to facial topology allows a richer vocabulary and a more general approach to the modelling of the primary facial expressions.A brief discussion of facial structure is given, from which a method for a simple modelling of a muscle process that is suitable for the animation of a number of divergent facial types is described.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2019) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t27734-000 · Cited by 6,019
Cited by
Automatic recognition and analysis of human faces and facial expressions: a survey
Samal, A., & Iyengar, P. A. (1992) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/0031-3203(92)90007-6 · Cited by 910
Age Synthesis and Estimation via Faces: A Survey
Fu, Y., Guo, G., & Huang, T. S. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2010.36 · Cited by 569
Analysis and synthesis of facial image sequences using physical and anatomical models
Terzopoulos, D., & Waters, K. (1993) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.216726 · Cited by 538
Self-citationSproull, L., Subramani, M., Kiesler, S., Walker, J., & Waters, K. (1996) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327051hci1102_1 · Cited by 399
Self-citationCommunicative facial displays as a new conversational modality
Takeuchi, A., & Nagao, K. (1993) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '93 · doi:10.1145/169059.169156 · Cited by 140
Metadata
- Authors
- Waters, K.
- Venue
- ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
- Published
- 1987-08
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 17-24
- ISSN
- 0097-8930 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3004513510
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 14.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1145/37402.37405
- The paper
- Waters, K. (1987). A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. https://doi.org/10.1145/37402.37405
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
