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The Formation of Martian River Valleys by Impacts
Abstract
We explore the role of large impacts in creating the Martian valley networks. Recent dating shows that some large impact basins are contemporaneous with the valley networks. The mass deposited (and volatiles released) by impacts is large, and comparable with the mass from the Tharsis volcanic construct. Steam atmospheres formed after large impacts can produce more than 600 m of rainfall, followed by rainfall from water-vapor greenhouse atmospheres, and snowmelt. The erosion rates from impacts that created the currently visible craters are somewhat less than the erosion rates suggested for the Noachian (4.2 to 3.82 Gya). There are several possible explanations for this difference, and it is possible that erosion rates are overestimated because the burial of small craters by global debris layers from impacts has not been considered. Rainfall after the Noachian was low because the impact rate and CO 2 pressure declined. We suggest tests of the hypothesis that impacts caused the river valleys.
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“First, for transient impact-driven warming, there appears to be a large discrepancy between the estimated valley network erosion rates (Barnhart, Howard & Moore 2009; Hoke, Hynek & Tucker 2011) and the amount of rainfall produced post-impact (Toon, Segura & Zahnle 2010).”
From The Climate of Early Mars (2016) · cites this paper as Toon, Segura & Zahnle 2010
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Metadata
- Authors
- Toon, O. B., Segura, T., & Zahnle, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Northrop Grumman (United States) (US)
- Ames Research Center (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2010-04-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 303-322
- ISSN
- 0084-6597 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4495
- OpenAlex
- W2129518001
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 0.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Geological formations and processes
- Keywords
- Martian valley networks, impact basin formation, steam atmosphere, greenhouse microclimate, Noachian, impact rate, Mars
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