Cited by 2,796Neural dynamics and brain functionNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNonlinear Dynamics and Pattern Formation

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Mechanisms of Gamma Oscillations

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Buzsáki, György, Wang, Xiao-Jing·2012·Annual Review of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150444PMC PMC4049541

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Abstract

Gamma rhythms are commonly observed in many brain regions during both waking and sleep states, yet their functions and mechanisms remain a matter of debate. Here we review the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying gamma oscillations and outline empirical questions and controversial conceptual issues. Our main points are as follows: First, gamma-band rhythmogenesis is inextricably tied to perisomatic inhibition. Second, gamma oscillations are short-lived and typically emerge from the coordinated interaction of excitation and inhibition, which can be detected as local field potentials. Third, gamma rhythm typically concurs with irregular firing of single neurons, and the network frequency of gamma oscillations varies extensively depending on the underlying mechanism. To document gamma oscillations, efforts should be made to distinguish them from mere increases of gamma-band power and/or increased spiking activity. Fourth, the magnitude of gamma oscillation is modulated by slower rhythms. Such cross-frequency coupling may serve to couple active patches of cortical circuits. Because of their ubiquitous nature and strong correlation with the "operational modes" of local circuits, gamma oscillations continue to provide important clues about neuronal population dynamics in health and disease.

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Authors: Buzsáki, G., & Wang, X.-J.
Affiliations: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Yale University (US)
ORCID: Buzsáki, György
Wang, Xiao-Jing
Venue: Annual Review of Neuroscience
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2012-07-21
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 203-225
ISSN: 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
1545-4126
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150444
PMC: PMC4049541
OpenAlex: W2162013747
Cited by: 2,796
References: 172
Citations by year: 2026: 221 · 2025: 273 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 220 · 2022: 216 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 233 · 2019: 212 · 2018: 208 · 2017: 187 · 2016: 149 · 2015: 153 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 9.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH054671, R01MH062349, MH54671)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS034994, NS034994)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Nonlinear Dynamics and Pattern Formation
Keywords: gamma oscillations, rhythmogenesis, perisomatic inhibition, excitation-inhibition balance, local field potentials, cross-frequency coupling, slow oscillations, cortical circuits, neural population dynamics, sleep, waking state
MeSH terms: Action Potentials, Animals, Brain, Humans, Membrane Potentials, Models, Neurological, Neural Inhibition, Neural Pathways, Brain Waves

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