GABAergic Interneurons in the Neocortex: From Cellular Properties to Circuits

Interneuron subtypes differ in expression of molecules such as calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides.

“IN subtypes differ in their expression of molecules such as calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides”

• cites Ascoli et al., 2008 sourceSupported
• cites Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kepecs and Fishell, 2014 sourceSupported

A systematic attempt to classify neocortical interneurons by morphology alone showed too many ambiguities for experts to agree on most subtype identities.

“an attempt to produce a systematic classification of neocortical INs based on morphological features alone by a large number of investigators showed that there are too many ambiguities for “experts” to agree on the identity of most IN subtypes when strictly relying on morphological data”

• cites DeFelipe et al., 2013 sourceSupported

Weakly or non-PV-expressing chandelier cells share the same developmental origin as PV-expressing chandelier cells.

“Weakly or non-PV-expressing chandelier cells have the same developmental origin as those that express the protein”

• cites Taniguchi et al., 2013 sourceSupported

Malfunction of inhibitory interneurons is associated with several types of epilepsy.

“malfunction of inhibitory INs has been associated with the generation of several types of epilepsy”

• cites Goldberg and Coulter, 2013 sourceSupported

Synapses of specific interneuron types are associated with GABA receptors of differing subunit composition, which can affect GABAergic response kinetics.

“There is also evidence that the synapses of specific IN types are associated with GABA receptors differing in subunit composition, which can affect the kinetics of the GABAergic response”

• cites Ali and Thomson, 2008 sourceSupported
• cites Freund, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

A significant fraction of chandelier cells, typically considered part of the PV group, express PV protein weakly or perhaps not at all.

“Taniguchi et al. (Taniguchi et al., 2013) found that a significant fraction of chandelier cells, interneurons typically considered part of the PV group (see below), express PV protein weakly or perhaps not all.”

• cites Taniguchi et al., 2013 sourceSupported

PV, Sst, and 5HT3aR are expressed in largely non-overlapping interneuron populations in neocortex.

“These three markers are expressed in largely non-overlapping interneuron populations in neocortex”

• cites Lee et al., 2010 sourceSupported
• cites Tasic et al., 2016 sourcePartly supported

  In “Cortical cell types: markers and relationships” (page unavailable), the paper distinguishes Pvalb- and Sst-marked GABAergic classes. Supplementary Note 2 (page unavailable) reports that most cells in its Pvalb, Sst and Vip classes express only one of those three markers. That partly supports the non-overlap claim, but the paper does not establish it for 5HT3aR; it also reports substantial co-expression of the markers it did examine. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Zeisel et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

PV, Sst, and 5HT3aR populations together account for nearly 100% of GAD-67 mRNA-expressing neurons in somatosensory cortex.

“together the three populations account for nearly 100% of GAD-67 mRNA-expressing neurons in somatosensory cortex”

• cites Lee et al., 2010 sourceSupported

Transgenic rodents expressing fluorescent proteins or Cre/Flp recombinase under marker promoters allow identification and manipulation of specific interneuron groups.

“advances in molecular genetics have allowed the generation of transgenic rodents expressing fluorescent proteins or the enzymes Cre or Flp recombinase under the control of the promoters for these markers, allowing the identification and manipulation of specific groups of INs”

• cites Taniguchi et al., 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Results (Strategy and resource; page numbers unavailable) describe mouse Cre knockin lines targeted to endogenous genes, Cre/Flp-based targeting of interneuron populations, and fluorescent reporters used to identify them. The paper supports identification and manipulation, but its fluorescent reporters are at the Rosa26 locus and activated by recombination; it does not establish that those fluorescent proteins are expressed directly under the interneuron-marker promoters described in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Interneurons from each of the PV, Sst, and 5HT3aR groups show strong biases in functionally relevant properties and gene expression patterns.

“INs from each of these groups show strong biases in functionally relevant properties that are either exclusive or not as prominent in other groups (Table I) as well as in gene expression patterns”

• cites Tasic et al., 2016 sourcePartly supported

  In “Cortical cell types: markers and relationships” (page unavailable), the paper identifies distinct Pvalb, Sst, and Vip transcriptomic types, supporting the gene-expression part of the claim. It does not classify the third group as 5HT3aR or establish strong, group-wide biases in functional properties for each of the three groups; its physiological analysis focuses on a subset of types. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Zeisel et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Interneuron subtypes differ in input and output connectivity with principal cells and other interneurons, which determines their circuit affiliation.

“IN subtypes also differ in their input and output connectivity with different cell types (both PCs and INs), which determines their circuit affiliation”

• cites Beierlein et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gibson et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jiang et al., 2015 sourceSupported

In hippocampal CA1, an interneuron classification starting with morphological features has been successfully implemented.

“In the hippocampal CA1 region, Somogyi and his colleagues have been successful at implementing an interneuron classification that starts with morphological features, i.e. somatic location and dendritic and axonal innervation fields”

• cites Klausberger and Somogyi, 2008 sourcePartly supported

  The section on the soma, axon-initial segment, and dendritic domains (page unavailable) classifies CA1 interneurons by the domains their axons target, and the Conclusion says this classification groups cells according to their temporal activity. Our copy does not establish the claimed starting scheme based on interneuron somatic location and dendritic fields. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Somogyi and Klausberger, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The 5HT3aR group can be divided into two subgroups based on Vip expression.

“The 5HT3aR group can be divided in two subgroups based on whether or not a 5HT3aR IN expresses vasointestinal pepetide (Vip)”

• cites Lee et al., 2010 sourceSupported

Laminar and columnar biases in axonal and dendritic arbors and connectivity correlate with somatic laminar location.

“laminar and columnar biases in axonal and dendritic arbors and connectivity have been observed to correlate with somatic laminar location”

• cites Bortone et al., 2014 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) describe layer-specific axonal and dendritic arborization in the studied interneurons, and the Discussion identifies their somata as being in layer 6. The paper does not establish columnar biases or a general correlation between somatic laminar location and arborization and connectivity. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Buchanan et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Results section (‘Postsynaptic Cell Morphology Predicts PreNMDAR Expression’; page unavailable) reports layer-specific differences in axonal arbors. But Figure 7 says somatic positions did not differ significantly between the compared cell types, and their dendritic arbor lengths were indistinguishable. These passages do not establish the claimed correlation with somatic laminar location or a columnar bias in arbors and connectivity. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Jiang et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The passages labeled Conclusion (page unavailable) describe layer-specific axonal and dendritic patterns and report that connectivity varies by cortical layer and by horizontal versus vertical distance. They do not establish that all of these laminar and columnar biases correlate with somatic laminar location; the paper also reports distinct morphologies and connectivity profiles among neurons within the same layer. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

By producing hyperpolarizing and/or shunting inhibition near the action potential initiation site, chandelier and basket cells powerfully influence target neuron output.

“By producing hyperpolarizing and/or shunting inhibition (Fishell and Rudy, 2011) close to the site of action potential generation, both types powerfully influence the output of their target neurons.”

• cites Fishell and Rudy, 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The “Mechanisms of Inhibition” section describes hyperpolarizing and shunting inhibition, and “Somatosensory Cortex” places basket-cell targets near the soma and chandelier-cell targets at the axon initial segment. But the latter section also says chandelier cells may produce depolarizing rather than hyperpolarizing responses, so the paper does not establish hyperpolarizing and/or shunting inhibition as the mechanism for both cell types. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The complexity and extent of the dendritic arbor of supragranular PV interneurons in visual cortex correlate with their selectivity to visual stimuli.

“the complexity and extent of the dendritic arbor of supragranular PV INs in visual cortex correlate with their selectivity to visual stimuli”

• cites Runyan and Sur, 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results section, “Morphology of PV+ neurons: dendritic extent, but not complexity, correlates with orientation selectivity” (page not provided), reports that measures of dendritic extent correlated with orientation selectivity. It explicitly reports that neither measure of dendritic complexity correlated significantly, so the claim's complexity component is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The reduced depression of excitatory inputs onto translaminar PV cells is due to presynaptic NMDA receptors on glutamatergic axons contacting translaminar but not locally projecting PV interneurons.

“This was due to expression of presynaptic NMDA receptors of glutamatergic axons contacting translaminar, but not locally projecting PV INs”

• cites Buchanan et al., 2012 sourceSupported

Chandelier interneurons are the most morphologically recognizable interneurons due to candlestick-like synaptic terminal arrays targeting the axon initial segment of pyramidal cells.

“Chandelier INs, also known as axo-axonic neurons, are the most recognizable INs in terms of morphology (DeFelipe et al., 2013) due to the unique candlestick-like synaptic terminal arrays they form to specifically target the axon initial segment of pyramidal cells.”

• cites DeFelipe et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Historical overview (page unavailable) says chandelier cells are readily distinguished by clear morphological attributes, but it does not rank them as the most recognizable interneurons. The Anatomical section (page unavailable) identifies chandelier cells as axo-axonic cells targeting the axon initial segment of pyramidal cells; the cited passages do not describe candlestick-like terminal arrays. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The delay between the peak of an action potential in a FS basket cell soma and the start of the uIPSC in a postsynaptic pyramidal cell averages 0.7 ms at ~31°C, with jitter of 0.19 ms.

“The delay between the peak of an action potential in a FS basket cell soma and the start of the uIPSC in a postsynaptic pyramidal cell is on the average 0.7 ms (at ~31 °C) and the jitter between different responses 0.19 ms”

• cites Rossignol et al., 2013 sourceCould not verify

  The Results section on FS-interneuron GABA release reports uIPSCs in pyramidal cells and a 100 ± 12% increase in onset jitter in mutant mice. Searches for the stated latency, 0.19-ms jitter, and ~31°C condition found no passage in our copy giving those measurements. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In hippocampus, somatic laminar position and/or dendritic fields of PV-expressing bistratified, axo-axonic, and basket cells further segregate each class functionally during ripple events.

“In the hippocampus, it has recently been shown that somatic laminar position and/or dendritic fields of PV expressing bistratified, axo-axonic and basket cells further segregate each class functionally during ripple events”

• cites Varga et al., 2014 sourceSupported

In infragranular layers, PV cells with translaminar axons have excitatory inputs that depress less than those of locally projecting PV basket cells.

“In infragranular layers, it has been shown that PV cells with translaminar axons had excitatory inputs exhibiting less depression than locally projecting PV basket cells.”

• cites Buchanan et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) identify type 1 PV interneurons as having ascending, cross-layer axons and type 2 as locally projecting L5 basket cells. They report that PV interneuron excitatory inputs were short-term depressing, but do not establish that inputs to type 1 cells depressed less than inputs to type 2 cells; the reported between-type difference concerns responses to NMDA-receptor blockade. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Kv3 channels contribute to a large and fast afterhyperpolarization that facilitates recovery of Na+ channels from inactivation.

“Kv3 channels also contribute to the generation of a large and fast AHP that facilitates the recovery of Na+ channels from inactivation9–11.”

• cites [9] sourceCould not verify

  The Slice preparation and recording section describes fast-spiking cells with narrow action potentials, while Functional implications discusses electrical coupling; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. Searches for Kv3 channels, afterhyperpolarization, and Na+ channel recovery found no passage addressing the claimed mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [10] sourceCould not verify

  The Results and Discussion passages describe nicotinic receptor-mediated responses and inhibition, not Kv3 channels or afterhyperpolarization. Searches for Kv3, AHP, and Na+ channel recovery found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed mechanism; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [11] sourceCould not verify

  The Action-potential measurements section (page unavailable) defines afterhyperpolarizations as changes in membrane potential following a spike. It does not say that Kv3 channels generate a large, fast AHP or that an AHP facilitates Na+ channel recovery; searches for Kv3 and sodium-channel recovery found no passage addressing that mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Single-cell mRNA-sequencing methods enable unbiased, high-resolution transcriptomic analysis of individual neurons.

“recent technical advances in single-cell mRNA-sequencing methods are now enabling unbiased, high-resolution transcriptomic analysis of individual neurons”

• cites Cadwell et al., 2016 sourceSupported
• cites Fuzik et al., 2016 sourceSupported
• cites Tasic et al., 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes single-cell transcriptomic profiling as a powerful way to characterize individual neurons, and the Discussion shows that sequencing depth affects the resolution of cell-type detection. The claim’s unqualified “unbiased” description is not supported for this study: the Discussion contrasts its Cre-line-based sampling with another study’s “mostly unbiased” sampling. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Presynaptic NMDA receptors likely make translaminar PV cells more responsive to local pyramidal cell inputs.

“which likely participates in making them more responsive to local pyramidal cell inputs”

• cites Bortone et al., 2014 sourcePartly supported

  The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report that layer 6 corticothalamic pyramidal cells strongly excite translaminar fast-spiking cells, which the paper associates with PV expression. They do not say that presynaptic NMDA receptors make those cells more responsive to local pyramidal-cell inputs; NMDA receptors appear only in a cited reference’s title. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Brief spikes in the axon and terminals contribute to fast and synchronous transmitter release.

“Brief spikes in the axon and terminals contribute to fast and synchronous transmitter release12.”

• cites [12] sourceCould not verify

  The Results and Conductance-Based Model sections address how parvalbumin interneurons affect visual responses and synaptic inhibition, not whether brief spikes in axons or terminals enable fast, synchronous transmitter release. Searches for axon terminals, spike duration, and synchronous release found no passage addressing that mechanism; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The latency of disynaptic inhibition, including the latency to excite the PV cell, is less than 2 ms.

“the latency of disynaptic inhibition, which will include the latency in exciting the PV cell is less than 2 ms”

• cites Miles, 1990 sourceCould not verify

  The available study summary (section and page not provided) describes inhibitory synaptic interactions in CA3 but gives no latency for disynaptic inhibition or for exciting a PV cell. Searches for “2 ms,” disynaptic inhibition, and IPSP onset latency found no passage establishing the claimed threshold. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Pouille and Scanziani, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Sst interneurons exhibit muscarinic-mediated depolarization.

“Another feature of Sst INs is a muscarinic mediated depolarization.”

• cites Beierlein et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fanselow et al., 2008 sourceSupported
• cites Kawaguchi, 1997 sourceSupported

The facilitating versus depressing dynamics of excitatory synapses is determined by the postsynaptic cell, since the same excitatory axon has depressing synapses on a PV cell and facilitating synapses on an Sst interneuron.

“This is a property determined by the postsynaptic cell, since the same excitatory axon has depressing synapses on a PV cell and facilitating onto a Sst IN”

• cites Buchanan et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Results sections on SOM interneurons and PV interneurons report facilitating excitatory inputs onto SOM cells and depressing inputs onto PV cells. The paper also suggests that postsynaptic cell identity determines presynaptic terminal composition. It does not show that the same excitatory axon makes both kinds of connection or establish that the postsynaptic cell determines those short-term dynamics. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Reyes et al., 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Scanziani et al., 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In hippocampus, the facilitating excitatory inputs onto Sst interneurons result from expression of Elfn1 protein, which regulates presynaptic release probability.

“Experiments in the hippocampus have shown that this unusual behavior is the result of the expression on Sst INs of the extracellular leucine-rich repeat fibronectin containing 1 (Elfn1) protein which regulates the release probability of the presynaptic terminal”

• cites Sylwestrak and Ghosh, 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that knocking down Elfn1 reduces facilitation at hippocampal pyramidal-to-O-LM synapses, and the Discussion says postsynaptic Elfn1 regulates their presynaptic release probability. O-LM cells are a subset of Sst interneurons; the paper does not establish that Elfn1 accounts for facilitating inputs onto hippocampal Sst interneurons generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

A significant but not yet determined fraction of Sst cells in layer 5 of primary somatosensory cortex do not target layer 1.

“L5 of S1 seems to contain a yet undetermined but significant proportion of non-L1-targeting Sst cells (Ma et al., 2006; Munoz et al., 2014; Tan et al., 2008).”

• cites Ma et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Munoz et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tan et al., 2008 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) describe a subset of layer 5 somatostatin-positive cells in whisker somatosensory cortex whose axons densely innervate layer 4 barrels, supporting the presence of a distinct targeting pattern. The paper does not establish that these cells do not also target layer 1, or that they constitute a significant proportion of all layer 5 Sst cells. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In response to bath-applied agonists, the muscarinic depolarization of Sst interneurons is strong enough to produce prolonged spiking.

“In response to bath applied agonists, the depolarization is strong enough that it is capable of producing prolonged spiking”

• cites Beierlein et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fanselow et al., 2008 sourceSupported
• cites Kawaguchi, 1997 sourcePartly supported

  The Results passage describing Fig. 3A says carbachol depolarized somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and was accompanied by spike firing in all five tested cells; the Fig. 3 caption also describes spikes during carbachol application. Our copy does not establish that the spiking was prolonged, so it supports agonist-induced firing but not that duration. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Some reports found different excitatory input sources and in vivo responses between PV FS basket and chandelier interneurons.

“some reports have found different excitatory input sources and in vivo responses between PV FS basket and chandelier INs”

• cites Massi et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) reports different in vivo firing dynamics for PV-expressing axo-axonic (chandelier) and basket cells, and the Results describe different responses to tail pinch. The Discussion infers differences in their synaptic inputs from anatomy, but does not establish different excitatory input sources for the two cell types; its suggestion about thalamic and cortical sources concerns basket-cell firing across oscillation states. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Xu and Callaway, 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The Results sections on FS basket cells and chandelier cells report different laminar patterns of excitatory input: FS cells received their strongest input from layer 4, whereas chandelier cells received their strongest input from layers 2/3 and 5a. The paper does not report in vivo responses; its comparison of firing properties was made under its recording conditions, not in vivo. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Zhu et al., 2004 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion and whisker-evoked responses sections report different in vivo synaptic responses in chandelier cells and other fast-spiking nonpyramidal neurons, including basket cells (page not specified). The paper suggests that chandelier cells may integrate excitation from a large cortical area, but it does not establish distinct excitatory input sources for basket versus chandelier cells. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Vip CR+ interneurons behave differently from Vip CR- neurons in terms of the role of activity in their migration and maturation during development.

“Vip CR+ INs behave differently than Vip CR- neurons in terms of the role of activity in their migration and maturation during development (De Marco Garcia et al., 2011)”

• cites De Marco Garcia et al., 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The main text (page unavailable) reports that activity affects migration and morphological maturation in Cr+ interneurons but not in the VIP+ subtype. It does not establish the claimed comparison between VIP+ CR+ and VIP+ CR− neurons; those are more specific groups than the paper compares. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Recent single-cell transcriptional analysis suggests that Sst interneurons comprise genetically discrete subtypes.

“recent transcriptional analysis of single cells suggests that Sst INs comprise genetically discreet subtypes (Tasic et al., 2016).”

• cites Tasic et al., 2016 sourceSupported

Vip interneurons often have an irregular spiking firing pattern in response to depolarizing steps.

“Vip INs have often been described as having an irregular spiking (IS) firing pattern in response to depolarizing steps (Cauli et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2010; Porter et al., 1998).”

• cites Cauli et al., 2000 sourceSupported
• cites Lee et al., 2010 sourceSupported
• cites Porter et al., 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Neurogliaform cells have a characteristic multipolar morphology consisting of a small, round soma, multiple very short dendrites spreading radially, and a wider, spherical, very dense axonal plexus of fine branches.

“NGFCs, called spiderweb cells by Cajal, have a characteristic multipolar morphology consisting of a small, round soma from which multiple, very short dendrites spread radially in all directions and have a wider, spherical, very dense axonal plexus composed of fine branches (Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997; Kubota, 2014; Olah et al., 2007).”

• cites Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kubota, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Olah et al., 2007 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes a small, round soma, radially spreading dendrites, and a dense axonal plexus of fine branches. Results > Human experiments also describes a small dendritic field and dense axonal meshwork. Our copy does not establish that the dendrites are very short or that the axonal plexus is wider and spherical; no page numbers are available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

All 5HT3aR interneurons express functional 5HT3a and nicotinic receptors.

“all 5HT3aR INs express functional 5HT3a and nicotinic receptors (Lee et al., 2010).”

• cites Lee et al., 2010 sourceSupported

Weak excitatory synaptic currents from thalamic stimulation on Vip interneurons in layer 4 and deep layer 3 can produce substantial depolarization because of their high input resistance.

“although thalamic stimulation in thalamocortical slices produces weak excitatory synaptic currents on Vip INs in L4 and deep L3, these can produce substantial depolarization due to their high input resistance (Lee et al., 2010).”

• cites Lee et al., 2010 sourcePartly supported

  In “Direct thalamocortical synaptic input to 5-HT3AR-expressing neurons” (page not specified), the paper reports that weak thalamic currents can substantially depolarize some neurons, likely in part because of their high input resistance. It recorded 5-HT3AR-expressing neurons in deep layer 3 and layer 4, but does not establish this result specifically for VIP interneurons. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In addition to irregular spiking, bursting and strongly adapting Vip cells have been reported.

“In addition to irregular spiking, bursting and strongly adapting Vip cells have been reported (Cauli et al., 2000; Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1996; Lee et al., 2010; Porter et al., 1998; Pronneke et al., 2015).”

• cites Cauli et al., 2000 sourceSupported
• cites Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lee et al., 2010 sourceSupported

The axon of layer 2/3 Vip interneurons is directed vertically in a narrow columnar fashion, often reaching layers 4 and 5/6 in addition to their local axonal arbor.

“The axon of L2/3 Vip INs is also directed vertically, in a narrow columnar fashion, where their axonal projections often reach L4 and L5/6, in addition to their local axonal arbor (Bayraktar et al., 2000; Porter et al., 1998; Pronneke et al., 2015).”

• cites Bayraktar et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Porter et al., 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pronneke et al., 2015 sourceSupported

In mouse and humans, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter is not expressed in ChAT interneurons.

“in mouse and humans the vesicular acetylcholine transporter is not expressed in ChAT INs (Cauli et al., 2014).”

• cites Cauli et al., 2014 sourceSupported

Layer 2/3 bipolar interneurons receive inputs from several layers, which is less common for most other cell types studied.

“L2/3 bipolar INs have been shown to receive inputs from several layers, which was less common for most other cell types studied (Xu and Callaway, 2009).”

• cites Xu and Callaway, 2009 sourceSupported

Anatomical, pharmacological, and optogenetic evidence support the view that neuromodulatory centers rapidly activate Vip interneurons.

“Anatomical, pharmacological and optogenetic evidence support this view (Acsady et al., 1993; Arroyo et al., 2012; Choi and Callaway, 2011; Ferezou et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2010).”

• cites Acsady et al., 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Arroyo et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Results show that brief optogenetic stimulation of basal-forebrain cholinergic fibers elicited nicotinic responses in ChAT-expressing bipolar interneurons; the Discussion refers to cortical ChAT/VIP interneurons. But the Discussion says these bipolar cells exhibited only a slow response, and the Results place most evoked action potentials at 30–180 ms. The source supports activation of this interneuron subset, not the unqualified description of it as rapid. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Choi and Callaway, 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) reports labeled neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and raphe, providing anatomical evidence for input from neuromodulatory centers to ErbB4-expressing cortical interneurons. It cautions that the postsynaptic cells could not be definitively identified as VIP neurons. This paper does not establish rapid activation or provide pharmacological or optogenetic evidence for it. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Sst interneurons show very little interconnectivity despite overlapping axonal and dendritic domains with other Sst cells.

“On the other hand, Sst INs, despite having axonal plexus overlapping with dendritic domains of other Sst cells show very little interconnectivity (Adesnik et al., 2012; Dennison-Cavanagh et al., 1993; Gibson et al., 1999; Pfeffer et al., 2013)”

• cites Adesnik et al., 2012 sourceCould not verify

  The 'Excitation of SOMs by horizontal axons' section (page unavailable) reports little inhibition recorded in SOMs during stimulation of horizontal projections, but does not identify the source of that inhibition or measure SOM-to-SOM connectivity. Searches for SOM-to-SOM connections and overlapping axonal and dendritic domains found no passage addressing those claims. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Dennison-Cavanagh et al., 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gibson et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In layer 1, a large proportion of interneurons with neurogliaform-type morphology have a horizontal axonal arbor that extends for longer horizontal distances than classical neurogliaform cells, perhaps spanning several columns and largely remaining within the same layer.

“In L1, a large proportion of INs with neurogliaform-type morphology have been reported to have an horizontal axonal arbor that extends for longer horizontal distances than classical NGFCs, perhaps spanning several columns and largely remaining within the same layer (Hestrin and Armstrong, 1996; Jiang et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2013; Kubota et al., 2011b; Zhou and Hablitz, 1996).”

• cites Hestrin and Armstrong, 1996 sourcePartly supported

  The Neurogliaform cells section (page unavailable) reports that 8 of 26 recorded layer I cells had dense axonal arbors almost entirely confined to that layer, with projection fields extending 200–300 μm anteroposteriorly. It does not compare their horizontal reach with classical neurogliaform cells or say that they may span several columns. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Jiang et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Jiang et al., 2013 sourceSupported

PV basket cell connectivity to pyramidal neurons can be largely explained by axo-dendritic overlap, consistent with Peters' rule.

“For example, Packer et al. (Packer et al., 2013) found that PV basket cell connectivity to pyramidal neurons could be largely explained by axo-dendritic overlap, agreeing with Peters’ rule.”

• cites Packer et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract and “Intralaminar Mechanism of Interneuron Connectivity” report that axo-dendritic overlap closely predicted PV-interneuron connectivity to pyramidal cells, consistent with Peters’ rule. But the paper identifies basket cells as a subset of PV interneurons and does not establish this result specifically for basket cells. Its Discussion also limits the finding to early developmental stages. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Chandelier cells appear to synapse exclusively with pyramidal cells, targeting their axon initial segment.

“As described earlier, chandelier cells appear to be particularly specialized in terms of their postsynaptic targets, since apparently these neurons make synapses exclusively with pyramidal cells, targeting the axon initial segment of these neurons (however see (Jiang et al., 2015)).”

• cites Jiang et al., 2015 sourceSupported

Sst interneurons densely connect to other interneuron types and pyramidal cells.

“while densely connecting to other IN types and pyramidal cells (Fino and Yuste, 2011; Pfeffer et al., 2013).”

• cites Fino and Yuste, 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion section “Somatostatin interneurons densely innervate local territories” reports dense connections from somatostatin-expressing interneurons to layer 2/3 pyramidal cells. The paper does not establish that they densely connect to other interneuron types; its discussion of coupling among somatostatin-positive cells concerns gap junctions, not dense connections to other types. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Pfeffer et al., 2013 sourceSupported

Neurogliaform cell output synapses are distinct from those of other interneurons: they elicit slow, long-lasting inhibitory postsynaptic potentials on pyramidal cells and other interneurons through combined activation of GABAA and GABAB receptors.

“The properties of the output synapses of NGFCs are very distinct from those of other INs. NGFCs elicit slow, long-lasting IPSPs on PCs and other INs through a combined activation of both GABAA and GABAB receptors (Olah et al., 2007; Tamas et al., 2003).”

• cites Olah et al., 2007 sourceSupported
• cites Tamas et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

GABAergic synapses are distributed along the entire axis of principal cells and interneurons.

“GABAergic synapses are distributed along the entire axis of principal cells and interneurons (Gulyas et al., 1999; Hioki et al., 2013; Megias et al., 2001).”

• cites Gulyas et al., 1999 sourcePartly supported

  Figure 5 shows GABA-positive synapses on interneuron dendrites, and Figure 6 shows inhibitory inputs on their somata and axon initial segments (pages not available in our copy). The paper examines CA1 interneurons, not the distribution of GABAergic synapses along principal cells; it also does not establish distribution along the entire axon. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Hioki et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The ‘GABAergic inputs to PV neurons’ section reports inputs on cell bodies and dendrites, with density declining toward distal dendrites. The Discussion also notes inputs to the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells. The paper does not establish distribution along the entire axis of principal cells or of interneurons generally; its own measurements concern PV interneurons. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Megias et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Intracortical axons of layer 6 corticothalamic neurons preferentially target interneurons rather than excitatory cells.

“and intracortical axons of L6 corticothalamic neurons show a preference for targeting interneurons over excitatory cells (Bortone et al., 2014; McGuire et al., 1984; White and Keller, 1987).”

• cites Bortone et al., 2014 sourceSupported
• cites McGuire et al., 1984 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) report that layer 6 axons in cat striate cortex frequently contact smooth and sparsely spiny stellate cells, which the paper associates with inhibition. But the authors describe selective innervation as a suggestion and say they cannot be certain of the preference; the claim states it without that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites White and Keller, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Interneurons targeting the perisomatic area of pyramidal cells, such as PV, CCK basket, and chandelier cells, more strongly regulate spike output, timing, and population firing synchrony.

“In contrast INs that target the perisomatic area of PCs, such as PV and CCK basket cells and chandelier cells have a stronger influence on regulating the spiking output of the cell, its timing and thus the firing synchrony of populations of neurons (Cobb et al., 1995; Miles et al., 1996; Royer et al., 2012).”

• cites Cobb et al., 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Miles et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Royer et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Results section (“Control of spike theta phase by somatic inhibition”; page unavailable) finds that PV-mediated perisomatic inhibition regulates spike timing more strongly than dendritic inhibition. It does not establish stronger control of firing rate—the two manipulations produced similar rate increases—and the cited findings do not establish population synchrony or the effects of CCK basket and chandelier cells. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Neurogliaform morphology is often associated with a late-spiking firing pattern, characterized by a slow ramp depolarization preceding firing and non-adapting spike trains near threshold.

“The neurogliaform morphology has often been associated with a late-spiking (LS) firing pattern, characterized by a slow ramp depolarization preceding firing and non-adapting spike trains near threshold (Hestrin and Armstrong, 1996; Kawaguchi, 1995; Kubota et al., 2011a; Olah et al., 2009; Tamas et al., 2003).”

• cites Hestrin and Armstrong, 1996 sourcePartly supported

  The Neurogliaform cells section (page unavailable) reports a prior finding of delayed spiking in neurogliaform cells, but says the authors did not observe late spiking in their layer I cells. It also reports less frequency adaptation than in cells with descending axons, not non-adapting trains near threshold: threshold stimulation elicited single spikes, and stronger stimulation produced trains with some adaptation. The slow depolarization described in this paper occurred after spikes, not as a ramp preceding firing. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Kawaguchi, 1995 sourceSupported
• cites Kubota et al., 2011aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The core features of thalamocortical feedforward inhibition are present and at least qualitatively similar in other sensory modalities and species.

“it seems that its core features are also present and are at least qualitatively similar in other sensory modalities such as vision and audition as well as in other species (Kloc and Maffei, 2014; Miller et al., 2001; Schiff and Reyes, 2012).”

• cites Kloc and Maffei, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Miller et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schiff and Reyes, 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says the mouse auditory-cortex results generally agree with somatosensory-cortex studies and that key cellular properties appear to be a cardinal feature of primary sensory cortices. This supports qualitative similarity across at least those modalities, but our copy does not establish similarity across species or specifically demonstrate it in vision. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Lateral olfactory tract axons also target the dendrites of excitatory cells.

“LOT axons also target the dendrites of the excitatory cells.”

• cites Stokes and Isaacson, 2010 sourceSupported
• cites Suzuki and Bekkers, 2010, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Lateral olfactory tract axons synapse onto L1a interneurons, including neurogliaform and horizontal interneurons, which target the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells.

“Instead, LOT axons synapse on L1a interneurons, including neurogliaform and horizontal INs, that target the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells (Stokes and Isaacson, 2010; Suzuki and Bekkers, 2010, 2012).”

• cites Stokes and Isaacson, 2010 sourcePartly supported

  The Results section on L1a feedforward inhibition and the Discussion on M/T cell input support LOT input to L1a interneurons and their targeting of pyramidal-cell apical dendrites. The Discussion says the authors’ results “likely include” neurogliaform and horizontal cells, rather than establishing that identification definitively. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Suzuki and Bekkers, 2010, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Feedforward inhibition participates in gain modulation through input normalization.

“Feedforward inhibition has also been shown to participate in gain modulation through input normalization (Pouille et al., 2009).”

• cites Pouille et al., 2009 sourceSupported

The first evidence for cortical interneurons that preferentially innervate other GABAergic neurons came from hippocampal studies.

“The first studies to show the existence of cortical interneurons preferentially innervating other GABAergic neurons were done in the hippocampus”

• cites Acsady et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gulyas et al., 1996 sourcePartly supported

  The Results section, “CR-IR axon terminals selectively innervate GABAergic neurons” (page unavailable), reports that nearly all identified postsynaptic dendrites were GABA-positive. The Discussion likewise says hippocampal calretinin-containing interneurons innervate mostly, if not exclusively, other GABAergic neurons. These passages support the hippocampal finding, but do not establish that the first studies showing such interneurons were done there. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Hajos et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In vivo, because excitatory, inhibitory, and neuromodulatory loads vary with context, different or even the same interneuron types participate differently in cellular computations.

“It is therefore likely that in in vivo conditions, where spatiotemporal patterns of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory loads vary with context, different or even the same IN types will participate differently in cellular computations (El-Boustani and Sur, 2014).”

• cites El-Boustani and Sur, 2014 sourceSupported

Inactivation of motor cortex reduces the whisking-related activity effects on VIP and Sst neurons.

“Importantly, inactivation of motor cortex reduced these effects (Lee et al., 2013).”

• cites Lee et al., 2013 sourceSupported

VIP interneurons in barrel cortex receive stronger inputs from motor cortex than principal cells, PV, Sst and 5HT3aR non-VIP cells.

“Lee et al. (Lee et al., 2013) observed that VIP INs in barrel cortex received much stronger inputs from motor cortex than any other cell type (PC, PV, Sst and 5HT3aR non-VIP).”

• cites Lee et al., 2013 sourceSupported

The basal forebrain cholinergic system plays an important role in recruiting VIP neurons during locomotion.

“This result suggests that the basal forebrain cholinergic system has an important role in the recruitment of VIP neurons during locomotion”

• cites Fu et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lee et al., 2010 sourcePartly supported

  The 'Functional expression of 5-HT3A Rs' section reports that acetylcholine and nicotine activate 5-HT3A receptor-expressing interneurons, a population that includes VIP neurons. The paper does not establish that the cholinergic input comes from the basal forebrain or that it recruits VIP neurons during locomotion. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Excitatory projections from cingulate cortex strongly recruit VIP interneurons in V1.

“Another recent study has shown that excitatory projections from the cingulate cortex (Cg) strongly recruit VIP INs in V1 (Zhang et al., 2014).”

• cites Zhang et al., 2014 sourceSupported

VIP neurons in V1 receive stronger input from cingulate cortex than other L2/3 interneurons and principal cells.

“VIP neurons in V1 receive the strongest input from Cg when compared to other L2/3 INs and PCs.”

• cites Zhang et al., 2014 sourceSupported

The VIP-mediated disinhibitory circuit operates under physiological conditions in vivo.

“In vivo observations provided evidence that this VIP-mediated disinhibitory circuit operates under physiological conditions.”

• cites Gentet et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gentet et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lee et al., 2013 sourceSupported

VIP neurons preferentially target dendritic-targeting Sst interneurons in L2/3 of S1, V1, A1 and prefrontal cortices.

“studies using electrophysiological slice recordings and thorough cell type comparison found that VIP neurons had a striking preference to target dendritic targeting Sst interneurons in L2/3 of S1, V1, A1 and prefrontal cortices”

• cites Lee et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that VIP interneurons in superficial S1 preferentially inhibit SST interneurons, which target pyramidal-cell dendrites. The paper does not establish the same targeting preference in V1, A1, or prefrontal cortex; its connectivity comparison is in S1. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Pfeffer et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (‘Interneurons targeted by VIP cells’; page unavailable) identify Sst cells as the principal target of VIP cells and report stronger VIP-to-Sst inhibition in L2/3 than in L5. The Discussion (‘Functional implications’; page unavailable) describes Sst cells as dendrite-targeting. But this paper studies mouse visual cortex; it does not establish the claimed preference in S1, A1, or prefrontal cortex. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Pi et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Stimulation of glutamatergic axons from motor cortex in S1 produces inhibitory responses on Sst neurons.

“inhibitory responses were observed on Sst neurons following stimulation of glutamatergic axons from motor cortex in S1.”

• cites Lee et al., 2013 sourceSupported

VIP neurons participate in top-down modulation by serving as a major target of feedback cortico-cortical projections.

“The studies by Lee et al. (Lee et al., 2013) and Zhang et al. (Lee et al., 2013) demonstrate a role of VIP neurons in top-down modulation by being a major target of feedback cortico-cortical projections.”

• cites Lee et al., 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Zhang et al., 2014 sourceSupported

Inactivating VIP neurons significantly reduces inhibitory responses on Sst cells.

“inactivating the VIP neurons significantly reduced the inhibitory responses on Sst cells.”

• cites Lee et al., 2013 sourceSupported

Hippocampal interneuron-selective interneurons often contact putative dendritic-targeting interneurons.

“It was also observed that they often made contacts with putative dendritic targeting INs.”

• cites Acsady et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gulyas et al., 1996 sourceSupported
• cites Hajos et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The VIP-to-Sst disinhibitory connection appears to be a general principle in superficial layers of neocortex.

“It therefore seems that the VIP to Sst disinhibitory connection is a general principle in the superficial layers of neocortex.”

• cites Lee et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) show that VIP interneurons strongly inhibit SST interneurons in the superficial layers of S1. The paper does not establish that this connection is a general principle across the superficial layers of neocortex; that broader scope goes beyond the reported finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Pfeffer et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (‘Interneurons targeted by VIP cells’; page unavailable) show that VIP cells preferentially inhibit Sst cells, with a stronger connection in superficial layer 2/3 than in layer 5. The study measured this pattern in mouse visual cortex; although the Discussion notes compatible anatomical observations in neocortex, it does not establish the connection as a general principle across superficial neocortex. The Discussion (‘Functional implications’) also cautions that VIP activity may shift inhibition rather than simply disinhibit pyramidal cells. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Pi et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Hippocampal interneuron-selective interneurons include CR-positive VIP-expressing cells.

“These studies found that interneuron-selective INs included CR+ VIP-expressing cells.”

• cites Acsady et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gulyas et al., 1996 sourceSupported
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Hajos et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Subcortical neuromodulatory systems appear to be an additional source of excitation for VIP interneurons.

“Subcortical neuromodulatory systems appear to provide another source of excitation to VIP INs.”

• cites Fu et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lee et al., 2010 sourceSupported

VIP interneurons, like all 5HT3aR neurons, are strongly depolarized by nicotinic agonists.

“VIP INs, like all 5HT3aR neurons are strongly depolarized by nicotinic agonists”

• cites Lee et al., 2010 sourceSupported

VIP neurons show sensory responses.

“It has also been shown that VIP neurons do show sensory responses (Fu et al., 2014; Kerlin et al., 2010; Pi et al., 2013).”

• cites Fu et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kerlin et al., 2010 sourceSupported
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Pi et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Other evidence suggests that single bouquet cells and VIP interneurons may be different cell types.

“However, other evidence suggests that SBC and VIP INs might be different cell types.”

• cites Jiang et al., 2013 sourceCould not verify

  The Results classify single bouquet cells as distinct from elongated neurogliaform cells, but do not compare them with VIP interneurons. Searches for “VIP” and “vasoactive intestinal polypeptide” found no passage addressing whether SBCs and VIP interneurons are different cell types. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Lee et al., 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Pfeffer et al., 2013 sourceCould not verify

  The Discussion’s comparison with physiological and morphological categories says VIP expression is often found in bipolar or double-bouquet cells, but does not discuss single bouquet cells or compare them with VIP interneurons. Searches for “single bouquet cells” and for bouquet-cell morphology found no passage addressing whether they might be different cell types; the cited paper’s statement about double-bouquet cells does not settle that question. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

A subset of PV interneurons in superficial layers of mouse V1 responds highly selectively to visual orientation.

“a subset of PV INs in superficial layers of mouse V1 responds highly selectively to visual orientation (Runyan et al., 2010).”

• cites Runyan et al., 2010 sourceSupported

A few interneurons within a molecularly defined group show strong stimulus selectivity similar to that of pyramidal neurons.

“a few INs within a molecularly defined group show strong stimulus selectivity that is similar to that of pyramidal neurons (Ma et al., 2010; Runyan et al., 2010).”

• cites Ma et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Runyan et al., 2010 sourceSupported

Experimental and computational modeling work suggests that GABAergic neurons have essential roles in generating cortical fast oscillations.

“A large body of experimental and computer modeling work has suggested essential roles of GABAergic neurons in the generation of cortical fast oscillations”

• cites Allen and Monyer, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Buzsaki and Wang, 2012 sourceSupported

PV-expressing basket cells have critical roles in generating and maintaining gamma, theta and ripple oscillations.

“strong evidence supporting the view that PV-expressing basket cells have critical roles in the generation and maintenance of gamma, theta and ripple oscillations”

• cites Cardin et al., 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The sections “FS activation generates gamma oscillations” and “Natural gamma oscillations require FS activity” support a role for PV-positive fast-spiking interneurons in cortical gamma rhythms. The paper does not establish this claim for basket cells specifically or for ripple oscillations; it reports that stimulating these cells at 8 Hz did not increase 8-Hz power, rather than showing theta generation. It also does not establish maintenance of all three rhythms. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Sohal et al., 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The supplied passages (labelled Abstract; no page given) show that manipulating fast-spiking PV interneurons affected gamma oscillations. The paper says further work is needed to distinguish basket cells from other PV-interneuron subtypes, so it does not establish a basket-cell-specific role. Its theta findings concern responses to imposed rhythms, not their generation or maintenance, and the passages do not address ripple oscillations. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Stark et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that PV-cell activation induced theta-band spiking in pyramidal cells, and the Discussion says this mechanism may amplify theta-range spiking in local circuits. The paper does not establish a critical role in generating or maintaining gamma or ripple oscillations. It also reports that focal PV-cell stimulation did not change the frequency or phase of the global theta rhythm. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Sst and VIP interneurons have also been reported to be less selective to sensory stimulation.

“other IN groups such as Sst and VIP INs have also been reported to be less selective to sensory stimulation (Kerlin et al., 2010).”

• cites Kerlin et al., 2010 sourceSupported
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

PV-positive neurons in auditory cortex are tuned to sound frequency to a similar degree as nearby PV-negative neurons.

“PV-positive neurons in auditory cortex are tuned to sound frequency to a similar degree as nearby PV-negative neurons (Moore and Wehr, 2013).”

• cites Moore and Wehr, 2013 sourceSupported

Because rodent visual cortex lacks orientation columns, the summed excitatory input from nearby pyramidal neurons to interneurons is broad.

“Rodent visual cortex, however, lacks orientation columns, thus the sum of excitatory inputs from nearby pyramidal neurons to interneurons will be broad (Hofer et al., 2011).”

• cites Hofer et al., 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says that neurons with different orientation preferences are locally intermixed in mouse V1, and the Discussion reports that broadly tuned PV/FS interneurons sample inputs from nearby pyramidal cells with diverse orientation preferences. This supports the proposed relationship, but the paper’s direct findings concern mouse PV/FS interneurons, not interneurons throughout rodent visual cortex. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

GABAergic interneurons in sensory cortices other than visual cortex are also broadly tuned.

“Similar to visual cortex, GABAergic interneurons in other sensory cortices are also broadly tuned.”

• cites Bruno and Simons, 2002 sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s opening summary reports broadly tuned, presumed inhibitory neurons in the rat whisker/barrel cortex. This supports the claim for one nonvisual sensory cortex, but the paper does not establish broad tuning across other sensory cortices generally, and it identifies the recorded cells as presumed inhibitory rather than confirming that they are GABAergic. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Lee and Simons, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

VIP interneurons tend to be more selective for orientation tuning than PV and Sst interneurons.

“VIP INs, for example, tend to be more selective for orientation tuning than PV and Sst INs (Kerlin et al., 2010).”

• cites Kerlin et al., 2010 sourcePartly supported

  The Results section ('GABAergic neurons are broadly tuned for orientation, regardless of subtype') reports no difference in orientation selectivity among PV, SOM (Sst), and VIP neurons on its primary measure. An alternate measure found VIP neurons slightly more selective than PV neurons, but does not establish greater selectivity than SOM neurons (Figure S4B). (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Differences in connectivity suggest that single bouquet cells and VIP interneurons belong to two distinct disinhibitory circuits.

“these differences suggest that SBCs and VIP INs belong to two distinct disinhibitory circuits.”

• cites Jiang et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Discussion (pages unavailable) describe a disinhibitory circuit involving SBCs and distinguish it from a second circuit involving elongated neurogliaform cells (ENGCs). They do not identify VIP interneurons as the second group; moreover, the ENGC circuit inhibits rather than disinhibits dendritic complex spikes. Thus the source supports the SBC portion, but not the claim that SBCs and VIP interneurons belong to two distinct disinhibitory circuits. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Lee et al., 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Pfeffer et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results section (‘Interneurons targeted by VIP cells’; page unavailable) reports that VIP cells have a distinct inhibitory pattern and specialize in inhibiting Sst cells. The copy does not identify single bouquet cells or compare their connectivity with VIP cells, so it does not support the conclusion that they belong to two distinct disinhibitory circuits. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In mouse visual cortex, fast-spiking neurons are more broadly selective for orientation, direction and spatial frequency than pyramidal cells.

“in mouse visual cortex, selectivity to visual stimuli such as orientation, direction, and spatial frequency are broader for FS neurons than for pyramidal cells”

• cites Atallah et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Results section, “Visual Responses of PV Cells Are Distinct from Those of Pyr Cells” (page unavailable), reports that PV cells—identified there as fast-spiking—were less orientation-selective and more broadly orientation-tuned than pyramidal cells. The paper discusses direction selectivity when PV-cell activity is perturbed, but does not establish that PV cells are more broadly direction-selective than pyramidal cells. The Visual Stimulation methods (page unavailable) say spatial frequency was set to each cell’s preference; they do not report the claimed comparison in spatial-frequency selectivity. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Hofer et al., 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (‘Visual responses of PV interneurons’; page unavailable) report broader orientation tuning in most PV neurons than in pyramidal cells, and the Discussion identifies most PV neurons as fast-spiking. Our copy does not establish the same comparison for direction or spatial-frequency selectivity: its direction measurements are used to calculate orientation tuning, and the searched passages contain no spatial-frequency comparison. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Kerlin et al., 2010 sourceSupported

The connection probability from single bouquet cells to Sst interneurons is the lowest among all interneuron types.

“the connection probability of SBCs to Sst INs is the lowest among all INs.”

• cites Jiang et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that SBCs inhibited about 13% of L2/3 interneurons in the same columns and connected with all seven morphological types examined. Our copy does not identify Sst interneurons as a comparison group or show that their connection probability was the lowest; searches for “Sst,” “somatostatin,” and “lowest connection probability” found no such result. No page number was available for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Feature selectivity may simply reflect the availability of inputs within a cell's dendritic domain.

“Therefore, feature selectivity would simply be a reflection of input availability within a cell’s dendritic domain (Runyan and Sur, 2013).”

• cites Runyan and Sur, 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) suggests that dendritic arbors may influence orientation selectivity in PV-positive visual-cortex neurons by limiting the number and diversity of local inputs. The Discussion (page unavailable) likewise says local input sampling could produce high selectivity. This supports the proposed mechanism, but not the citing sentence’s stronger assertion that feature selectivity generally would simply reflect input availability. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Results from optogenetic studies disagree about the specific role of each interneuron group in tuning.

“However, the results from these studies do not agree on the specific role of each interneuron group.”

• cites Atallah et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says the specific roles of distinct inhibitory-neuron types in sensory processing were unknown. The Results also contrast this paper’s findings on PV-cell visual responses with a previous report. Neither passage establishes that optogenetic studies disagree about the role of each interneuron group in tuning; this study directly tests PV cells, not each group. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites El-Boustani and Sur, 2014 sourceSupported
• cites Lee et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The discussion (page unavailable) contrasts this study’s marked sharpening of tuning with a recent study finding only a moderate effect of PV+ activation, so it supports a disagreement about PV+ effects. It does not establish that the studies disagree about the specific role of each interneuron group. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Whether inhibition is subtractive or divisive is not a fixed property but a dynamic function depending on interneuron response modes and the nature of visual stimuli.

“the study by El-Boustani and Sur (El-Boustani and Sur, 2014) provides compelling evidence that whether inhibition is subtractive or divisive is not a fixed property, but rather a dynamic function that depends on the response modes of INs and the nature of visual stimuli.”

• cites El-Boustani and Sur, 2014 sourceSupported

If additional molecular interneuron groups not overlapping PV, Sst, or 5HT3aR exist, they must be minor populations.

“The observation that PV, Sst and 5HT3aR account for nearly 100 % of the GABAergic neurons in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) suggests that if additional molecular groups that do not overlap with any of these three markers are discovered, they must represent minor populations”

Expression of certain molecular markers has emerged as a good starting point for neocortical interneuron classification.

“In the years since the Petilla meeting, the expression of certain molecular markers has emerged as a good starting point for IN classification in the neocortex.”

Interneuron subtypes exhibit many firing patterns arising from membrane cable properties and ion channel composition that define passive and active membrane biophysics.

“Electrophysiologically, a plethora of firing patterns have been observed, a consequence of the interplay of membrane cable properties and ion channel composition defining the passive and active membrane biophysical properties among IN subtypes”

• cites Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Markram et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Multiple interneuron cell types, each with specific cellular properties, increase the computational power and diversity of simple cortical circuit motifs.

“the involvement of multiple cell types, each with a specific set of cellular properties, plays a crucial role in diversifying and increasing the computational power of a relatively small number of simple circuit motifs forming cortical networks.”

The success of the hippocampal morphological classification depends on the simplified laminar architecture of hippocampus, where axonal location largely defines possible postsynaptic targets.

“The success of this classification scheme depends largely on the simplified laminar architecture of the hippocampus, where axonal location largely defines possible postsynaptic targets of a given IN subtype.”

Differences in subcellular targeting, connectivity, synaptic kinetics, and intrinsic membrane properties give interneurons precise spatiotemporal inhibitory control over principal neurons and local networks.

“the differences in subcellular targeting domain, connectivity, synaptic kinetics and intrinsic membrane properties result in highly specific and precise spatio-temporal inhibitory control of the activity of principal neurons and local networks.”

Cortical GABAergic interneurons vary in somatic, dendritic, and axonal morphology, including the subcellular domain targeted by their axons.

“Anatomically, cortical GABAergic INs show a variety of somatic, dendritic and axonal morphologies, including the specific subcellular domain of pyramidal cells (and INs) targeted by their axons”

• cites Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kubota, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Markram et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The three-marker separation is a good starting point for a hierarchical classification of neocortical interneurons.

“suggesting that this first level of separation is a good starting point for a hierarchical classification scheme.”

It is unclear to what extent a given molecular marker is a critical determinant of an interneuron group, because in most cases there is no clear causal relationship between marker expression and known functional features.

“It should be stressed however, that it is not clear to what extent a given molecular marker is a critical determinant of an IN group, since in most cases there is no clear causal relationship between the expression of a marker and most known functional features of an IN group.”

In neocortex, intermingling of cell types and cytoarchitectural differences among areas make a parallel morphological classification impractical.

“However, in the neocortex the intermingling of cell types in most cortical layers and cytoarchitectural differences among neocortical areas have made a parallel effort impractical.”

Neocortical interneurons can be divided into three major groups: PV, Sst, and 5HT3aR.

“Based on these observations, neocortical INs can be divided in three major groups: PV, Sst and 5HT3aR INs”

Efficacy, kinetics, and short-term dynamics of synaptic inputs and outputs differ among interneurons.

“the efficacy, kinetics and short-term dynamics of synaptic inputs and outputs have been shown to differ among INs”

• cites Beierlein et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gupta et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

PV basket cells have molecular and cellular specializations that ensure fast, reliable, strong, and temporally precise inhibition of their targets.

“PV basket cells have a remarkable array of molecular and cellular specializations to ensure that they produce a fast, reliable, strong and temporally precise inhibition on their target cells”

• cites Hu et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Principal cells differentiate translaminar and locally projecting PV basket cells as different subtypes.

“This implies that PCs differentiate these PV basket cells as different subtypes.”

FS cells compensate for low membrane resistance by receiving large excitatory synaptic inputs.

“FS cells compensate for the low membrane resistance by receiving large excitatory synaptic inputs.”

Subthreshold-operating Kv1 channels at the axon initial segment of FS basket cells filter slowly rising depolarizing events, suppressing spike initiation.

“Sub threshold-operating Kv1 channels at the axon initial segment of FS basket cells filter slowly rising depolarizing events, which activate these channels and suppress spike initiation8.”

• cites [8] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

PV FS basket cells are the largest interneuron population in the neocortex.

“As a whole, PV FS basket cells are the largest population of INs in the neocortex (Figure 2)”

• cites Figure 2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

FS cells express fast Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors containing GluR1flip subunits and lacking GluR2 subunits.

“Fast Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors containing GluR1flip subunits and lacking GluR2 subunits1,2”

• cites [1] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [2] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Morphologically distinct PV basket interneurons, even from the same cortical layer, can exhibit functional differences.

“Altogether, these studies illustrate that morphologically distinct PV basket INs, even from the same cortical layer, can exhibit functional differences.”

Kv3 channels are present in synaptic terminals of FS cells.

“Kv3 channels are also present in the synaptic terminals of FS cells13.”

• cites [13] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

FS cells are preferentially driven by large, quickly rising inputs that initiate spikes with short latency.

“Therefore, FS cells are preferentially driven by large quickly rising inputs that initiate spikes with short latency.”

Basket cells make perisomatic basket terminals on the soma and proximal dendrites of principal cells and interneurons.

“the much more numerous basket cells make perisomatic “basket” terminals on the soma and proximal dendrites of PCs and INs.”

Other molecular markers such as reelin, calbindin, calretinin, CCK, and NPY are often used to label cortical interneurons but are not expressed in non-overlapping populations.

“In addition to PV, Sst, 5HT3aR and Vip, other molecular markers are often used to label and study cortical interneurons. These include reelin, the Ca2+-binding proteins calbindin (here CB but also Calb1) and calretinin (here CR but also Calb2), and the neuropeptides cholecystokinin (CCK) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). In contrast to the first four, these markers are not expressed in non-overlapping”

PV basket cell subtypes have diverse dendritic and axonal arborization territories.

“PV basket cell subtypes have been shown to be associated with diverse dendritic and axonal arborization territories”

• cites Freund et al., 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kisvarday, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Markram et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

PV cells are the largest interneuron population in the neocortex.

“Overall, PV cells are the largest IN population in the neocortex.”

Calretinin is expressed in subsets of both Sst and Vip interneurons.

“For example, CR is expressed in subsets of both Sst and Vip INs.”

PV interneurons require synchronous firing of many presynaptic cells to fire because of strongly depressing excitatory synapses and a fast membrane time constant.

“While PV INs require the synchronous firing of many presynaptic cells to fire due to their strongly depressing excitatory synapses and fast membrane time constant”

L4 non-Martinotti Sst interneurons differ from Martinotti interneurons in connectivity.

“L4 non-Martinotti INs also differ from Martinotti INs in terms of connectivity.”

• cites Xu et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Axo-axonic cells may excite rather than inhibit their postsynaptic pyramidal cells.

“Consequently, axo-axonic cells may excite rather than inhibit their postsynaptic pyramidal cells”

• cites Szabadics et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Layer 5 Sst interneurons frequently exhibit a low-threshold spiking firing pattern.

“L5 Sst INs have often been found to have an LTS (low-threshold spiking) firing pattern (Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997; Ma et al., 2006).”

• cites Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ma et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The morphological features of L4 non-Martinotti Sst interneurons are qualitatively very similar to L4 PV basket cells.

“The morphological features of L4 non-Martinotti Sst INs are qualitatively very similar to L4 PV basket cells.”

Most interneurons have strongly or moderately depressing excitatory synapses.

“Most INs have strongly or moderately depressing excitatory synapses.”

Martinotti cells are mainly present in L2/3 and L5/6.

“Martinotti cells are mainly present in L2/3 and L5/6 (Figure 1 and 2).”

• cites Figure 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Figure 2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Facilitation onto Sst interneurons enables even a single high-frequency burst from one presynaptic cell to recruit them and produce feedback inhibition.

“the facilitation onto Sst INs enable even a single high frequency burst from one presynaptic cell to recruit Sst INs and produce feedback inhibition”

• cites Kapfer et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Silberberg and Markram, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Sst interneurons can be segregated morphologically into Martinotti and non-Martinotti subgroups.

“Based on morphology, we can segregate Sst INs into two broad subgroups, Martinotti and non-Martinotti cells.”

Excitatory inputs onto Sst interneurons, apparently regardless of subtype, are strongly facilitating.

“excitatory inputs onto Sst INs, apparently regardless of subtypes, are strongly facilitating”

• cites Beierlein et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kapfer et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pouille and Scanziani, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Excitatory inputs onto Sst interneurons produce supralinear responses due to facilitating dynamics and membrane properties allowing EPSP summation.

“As a result of the facilitating dynamics of their excitatory synapses, and other membrane properties of Sst INs that allow EPSP summation (Table I) excitatory inputs onto these cells produce supralinear responses.”

Infragranular non-Martinotti interneurons send their axons mainly to layer 4.

“The axons of infragranular non-Martinotti INs target mainly L4”

Sst interneurons constitute a functionally distinct subtype, as indicated by their synaptic dynamics, connectivity, electrophysiological properties, and marker expression.

“synaptic dynamics, connectivity and electrophysiological properties, in addition to marker expression, clearly show that they are a functionally distinct IN subtype.”

In neocortex, GABAergic synapses in the axon initial segment have a depolarized reversal potential compared to those innervating the somatic domain due to higher intracellular chloride concentration at the axon initial segment.

“in neocortex, GABAergic synapses in the axon initial segment have a depolarized reversal potential compared to those innervating the somatic domain due to a higher intracellular chloride concentration at the axon initial segment”

• cites Szabadics et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Non-LTS Sst interneurons in layers 2/3 and 5 display regular spiking or burst spiking discharge patterns.

“Non-LTS Sst INs in L2/3 and L5 show regular spiking or burst spiking discharge patterns.”

Rebound spikes from hyperpolarized potentials are more specifically found in a subset of infragranular Martinotti cells, some of which are labeled with GFP in the transgenic X98 mouse line.

“the presence of rebound spikes from hyperpolarized potentials appears to be present more specifically in a subset of infragranular Martinotti cells, some of which are labeled with GFP in the transgenic X98 mouse line (Ma et al., 2006).”

• cites Ma et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

L4 non-Martinotti Sst interneurons have intrinsic electrophysiological properties that differ from Martinotti cells in supra- and infragranular layers.

“L4 non-Martinotti Sst INs have several intrinsic electrophysological properties that differ from those of the Martinotti cells in supra and infragranular layers”

• cites Ma et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Xu et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Sst interneurons are dendritic targeting, unlike PV interneurons.

“In contrast to PV INs, Sst INs are dendritic targeting”

• cites Dennison-Cavanagh et al., 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites de Lima and Morrison, 1989 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The direct influence of layer 2/3 bipolar Vip interneurons is likely to be vertically broad and laterally restricted.

“Therefore, the direct influence of L2/3 bipolar Vip INs is likely to be vertically broad and laterally restricted.”

Cck-expressing Vip interneurons tend to exhibit multipolar or bitufted dendrites, although bipolar cells can also be found.

“In contrast to Vip CR INs, Cck-expressing Vip INs tend to exhibit multipolar or bitufted dendrites, although bipolar cells can also be found (Freund et al., 1986; Kubota and Kawaguchi, 1997)(He et al., 2016).”

• cites Freund et al., 1986 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kubota and Kawaguchi, 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites He et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Low concentrations of 4-AP, DTX-I, and DTX-K convert the irregular spiking pattern to a more regular discharge, suggesting that a Kv1-mediated ID-like potassium current contributes to irregular spiking.

“Porter et al., 1998, found that low concentrations of 4-AP, as well as DTX-I and DTX-K convert the IS firing pattern to a more regular discharge pattern, suggesting that a Kv1-mediated ID-like K+ current contributes to irregular spiking.”

• cites Porter et al., 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

VIP/CR cells are significantly enriched in irregular spiking bipolar neurons.

“using intersectional Vip flp x CR cre mice, He et al., (He et al., 2016) found that VIP/CR cells were significantly enriched in irregular spiking bipolar neurons.”

• cites He et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The observed differences in firing patterns among Sst interneurons suggest a correlation between morphological subtype and electrophysiological properties.

“they suggest a correlation between morphological subtype and electrophysiological properties.”

Approximately 15-30% of Sst interneurons in mouse neocortex express calretinin.

“About 15–30% of the Sst INs in mouse neocortex express CR.”

The most salient intrinsic electrophysiological feature of Vip interneurons is their relatively high input resistance, which is higher than that of most cortical neurons.

“Perhaps, the most salient intrinsic electrophysiological feature of Vip INs is their relatively high input resistance, higher than most cortical neurons (Table I)”

• cites Table INot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Irregular spiking in Vip cells may result from their high input resistance, which increases the likelihood that noise, intrinsic subthreshold oscillations, or small synaptic inputs produce sufficient depolarization to reach spike threshold.

“Irregular spiking might be seen often in Vip cells as a result of their high input resistance, which increases the possibility that noise, an intrinsic subthreshold oscillation, or a small synaptic input will produce sufficient depolarization to reach spike threshold.”

Dendritic trees of most bipolar Vip interneurons are narrow and cross several layers, allowing them to sample translaminar inputs within a single column.

“Dendritic trees of most bipolar Vip INs tend to be narrow and cross several layers in either direction and thus can sample translaminar inputs in several layers restricted to one column.”

5HT3aR interneurons make up approximately 30% of all neocortical interneurons.

“5HT3aR INs represent ~30% of all neocortical INs”

Non-Vip 5HT3aR interneurons include neurogliaform cells, Cck-expressing interneurons (presumably non-VIP Cck basket cells), and other less clearly defined types.

“They include the neurogliaform cells (NGFC), Cck-expressing INs (presumably non-VIP Cck basket cells) and other less clearly defined types (Table I).”

• cites Table INot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The 5HT3aR group can be divided into two subgroups based on the expression of the neuropeptide VIP.

“the 5HT3aR group can be divided in two subgroups based on the expression of the neuropeptide VIP (Figure 1).”

• cites Figure 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Current understanding of interneuron connectivity is quite incomplete.

“Give these challenges our understanding of interneuron connectivity is quite incomplete”

Distal inhibition by dendritic-targeting interneurons can control the efficacy and integration of glutamatergic inputs from particular sources onto particular dendritic domains.

“Given the importance of such nonlinearities for signal propagation, calcium dynamics and synaptic plasticity, distal inhibition by dendritic targeting INs can thus control the efficacy and integration of glutamatergic inputs from specific sources impinging upon specific dendritic domains.”

Connection probability alone does not capture the strength of connectivity.

“Finally, connectivity assessed by connection probability alone does not reflect connectivity strength.”

The cellular effect of inhibition likely depends on the instantaneous cellular and network states.

“As the same IN type can be part of many circuits, it is likely that the cellular effect of inhibition will depend on the instantaneous cellular and network states.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: A single interneuron type can participate in multiple circuits.

During larger suprathreshold depolarizations, neurogliaform cells fire adapting spike trains.

“During larger suprathreshold depolarizations, the cells fire adapting spike trains (Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997; Tamas et al., 2003).”

• cites Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tamas et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Because of electrotonic attenuation of the IPSP and local shunting, inhibition is most effective near the synaptic contact point.

“Due to the electrotonic attenuation of the IPSP elicited by GABA and the local shunting effect, the inhibition will be most effective near the contact point (Koch et al., 1983; Liu, 2004).”

• cites Koch et al., 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Liu, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Dendritic inhibition can control the slope of the stimulus-sensory response function of layer 5 pyramidal cells in awake and anaesthetized rats.

“using a fibre-optic method for recording dendritic calcium changes in vivo Murayama et al. (Murayama et al., 2009) showed that dendritic inhibition could control the slope of the stimulus-sensory response function of L5 pyramidal cells in awake and anaesthetized rats.”

• cites Murayama et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Different interneuron types show biases in the subcellular compartments they target.

“However, as discussed earlier, different interneuron types show subcellular compartment target biases (Bloss et al., 2016).”

• cites Bloss et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Dendritic-targeting interneurons such as Sst interneurons can modulate these calcium dynamics.

“These calcium dynamics can be modulated by dendritic targeting INs, such as Sst INs.”

Both proximal and distal inhibitory sites are crucial for determining whether dendritic signaling and action potentials are temporally coupled or independent.

“Therefore, both proximal and distal inhibitory loci are crucial in determining whether or not dendritic signaling and action potentials will be temporally coupled or occur independently.”

Many early exceptions to Peters' rule involved aspiny putative interneurons.

“Interestingly, many of these initial exceptions involved aspiny, putative INs.”

• cites Braitenberg and Schuz, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Thalamocortical inputs to layer 4 preferentially synapse onto some interneurons over others.

“For example, thalamocortical inputs to L4 preferentially make synapses onto some interneurons as compared to others (Beierlein et al., 2003; White and Rock, 1981; Xu et al., 2013)”

• cites Beierlein et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites White and Rock, 1981 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Xu et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Distal inhibition acts as a gate for input integration.

“In this view, distal inhibition acts as a gate for input integration.”

A single presynaptic dendritic-targeting interneuron can control calcium spike generation in pyramidal cells.

“It has been observed that even a single presynaptic dendritic targeting IN can control Ca2+ spike generation in pyramidal cells (Larkum et al., 1999)”

• cites Larkum et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Dendritic-targeting interneurons can control calcium-dependent biochemical reactions and thereby influence plasticity.

“They can also control Ca2+ dependent biochemical reactions and hence influence plasticity (Spruston, 2008).”

• cites Spruston, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The local membrane potential and resistance of a postsynaptic cell determine whether an inhibitory input acts mainly as a conductance change or as a current flow.

“For example, the local membrane potential and resistance of a postsynaptic cell will determine whether the dominant contribution of an inhibitory input will be a conductance change (divisive shunt) or a current flow (subtractive offset).”

Many exceptions to Peters' rule have been described, even when the rule was first proposed.

“While examples that Peters’ rule (Peters and Feldman, 1976)is closely followed in the cortex exist, virtually as many exceptions have been described, even at the time that the rule was proposed (Braitenberg and Schuz, 1991).”

• cites Peters and Feldman, 1976 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Braitenberg and Schuz, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In passive dendrites, shunting inhibition is more effective at counteracting excitation when placed on the path to the soma than when placed off that path.

“In passive dendrites, shunting will largely act locally and will be most effective at counteracting propagation of excitation if placed on its path to the soma (proximal inhibition) than if localized off the path (distal inhibition) (Koch et al., 1983; Vu and Krasne, 1992).”

• cites Koch et al., 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Vu and Krasne, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The location of inhibition relative to excitatory inputs affects how EPSPs travel along dendrites, summate, and activate voltage-gated conductances.

“As mentioned above, the location of inhibition relative to excitatory inputs will affect how EPSPs travel along the dendritic arbor, summate and activate voltage-gated conductances.”

For PV basket interneurons, strong connectivity to principal cells makes it uncertain whether disinhibition can ever be one of their primary functions.

“although PV basket interneurons interconnect with other PV INs and other inhibitory subtypes, their strong connectivity to principal cells makes it unclear whether there is any context in which disinhibition can be one of their primary functions”

PV interneuron synapses are potently suppressed by activation of presynaptic muscarinic cholinergic receptors and GABAB receptors.

“Other examples are the neuromodulation of PV IN synapses, which are potently suppressed by the activation of presynaptic muscarinic cholinergic receptors as well as GABAB receptors (Kruglikov and Rudy, 2008)”

• cites Kruglikov and Rudy, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Contextual differences, intrinsic properties, and subcellular targeting domains cause specific interneuron subtypes to play a more potent role in one circuit motif than another.

“However, contextual differences (connection probability, synaptic strength and network state) as well as INs intrinsic properties and subcellular targeting domains lead to specific IN subtypes exhibiting a more potent role in one circuit motif over another.”

A circuit similar in many details to thalamocortical communication is involved in CA3-to-CA1 communication in the hippocampus.

“A circuit remarkably similar in many details to the one mediating thalamocortical communication is involved in CA3 to CA1 communication in the hippocampus (Pouille and Scanziani, 2001).”

• cites Pouille and Scanziani, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In its pure form, feedforward inhibition is a circuit mechanism that regulates local integration by tracking incoming inputs independently of local network activity.

“Conceptually, a FFI motif in its pure form is inherently a circuit mechanism regulating local integration by tracking the activity of incoming inputs, independently of the local network activity (Buzsaki, 1984).”

• cites Buzsaki, 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In this arrangement, feedforward inhibition remains spatially matched with the excitation.

“It is interesting to note that in this way, FFI remains spatially matched with the excitation.”

Because PV interneuron inhibition of pyramidal cells is delayed by one synapse, disynaptic feedforward inhibition lags behind monosynaptic thalamocortical excitation.

“Because inhibition of PCs by PV INs is delayed by one synapse, disynaptic feedforward inhibition of PCs lags behind their monosynaptic thalamocortical excitation.”

Disinhibitory mechanisms exist in which an inhibitory cell type acts more strongly on PV interneurons than excitatory cells do.

“and through disinhibitory mechanisms where an inhibitory cell type will have a stronger effect onto PV INs than excitatory cells (Chittajallu et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2013)”

• cites Chittajallu et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Xu et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Almost any external excitatory input to a neocortical area also triggers short-latency disynaptic inhibition.

“Virtually any external excitatory input source to a neocortical area has been observed to also trigger short latency disynaptic inhibition (Toyama et al., 1974)”

• cites Toyama et al., 1974 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

As excitatory drive increases, more inhibitory cells are recruited along with it.

“As excitatory drive increases, more and more inhibitory cells are concomitantly recruited as well.”

Slowly developing asynchronous thalamic activity patterns are suppressed by feedforward inhibition in the layer 4 network.

“where slowly developing, asynchronous thalamic activity patterns are suppressed by FFI in the L4 network.”

In most but not all reported neocortical cases, feedforward inhibition is mediated by PV fast-spiking basket cells.

“In most, but not all, reported cases in neocortex, FFI is mediated by PV FS basket cells.”

Efficient thalamic recruitment of strong feedforward inhibition allows layer 4 neurons to encode temporal features of sensory inputs.

“The efficient thalamic recruitment of strong FFI allows L4 neurons to encode the temporal features of sensory inputs.”

Feedforward inhibition appears to be ubiquitous in the central nervous system.

“and FFI seems ubiquitous in the central nervous system.”

Inhibitory tracking of incoming excitatory drive through PV-mediated feedforward inhibition prevents saturation of pyramidal cell ensembles by increasing the excitatory current needed to overcome inhibition and reach spike threshold.

“This inhibitory tracking of incoming excitatory drive through FFI by PV INs prevents saturation of PC ensembles by progressively increasing the excitatory current necessary to beat the inhibition and reach spiking threshold.”

If the local membrane potential equals the chloride reversal potential, no inhibitory current flows and the inhibitory effect is entirely shunting.

“For example, if the local membrane potential is at the reversal potential for chloride, no inhibitory current will occur and the effect of an inhibitory input will be entirely shunting.”

PV fast-spiking basket cells mediate feedforward inhibition in a qualitatively similar way in many other cortical and subcortical circuits, especially ascending pathways.

“PV FS basket cells mediate FFI in a qualitatively similar manner in many other cortical and subcortical circuits. This seems to be particularly true for ‘ascending pathways’ following a feedforward direction.”

The best-studied neocortical feedforward inhibitory circuit is mediated by PV fast-spiking basket cells recruited by thalamocortical afferents in the input layer of primary sensory cortices.

“The best-studied feedforward inhibitory circuit in the neocortex is the one mediated by PV FS basket cell recruitment by thalamocortical neuron (TC) afferent axons in the input layer of primary sensory cortices.”

Neocortical GABAergic interneurons can form synapses onto other inhibitory neurons and thereby produce disinhibition.

“neocortical GABAergic interneurons not only provide direct inhibition by targeting principal cells, but can also synapse onto other inhibitory neurons and consequently have a disinhibitory effect”

• cites Freund et al., 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Somogyi et al., 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Stimuli that produce synchronous thalamic firing generate postsynaptic responses strong enough during the window of opportunity to drive layer 4 pyramidal cell firing.

“On the other hand, stimuli producing synchronous thalamic firing will result in postsynaptic responses strong enough during the window of opportunity to drive the firing of L4 PCs.”

The association of PV interneurons with feedforward inhibitory circuits is not universal.

“Although we highlighted a strong association of PV INs with feedforward inhibitory circuits, it should be stressed that this is not a universal phenomenon.”

Because CR+ VIP cell output synapses have slightly facilitating dynamics, repetitive firing of these neurons tends to produce sustained inhibition of Sst neurons.

“Given the slightly facilitating synaptic dynamics of the output synapses of CR+ VIP cells, (the BCR neurons in (Caputi et al., 2009) (see Diversity section) repetitive firing of these neurons will tend to produce sustained inhibition of SST neurons.”

• cites Caputi et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In sensory systems, cortico-cortical feedback projections from higher-order cortices are an important source of excitation for VIP interneurons.

“An important source of excitation of VIP INs, at least in sensory systems, is from cortico-cortical feedback projections from higher order cortices.”

Two types of L2/3 CR-expressing cells, bursting bipolar and adapting multipolar cells, differ in connectivity and synaptic short-term dynamics.

“Caputi and colleagues (Caputi et al., 2009) found that two types of L2/3 CR-expressing cells, bursting bipolar and adapting multipolar cells, had different connectivity and synaptic short-term dynamics.”

• cites Caputi et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In neocortex, CR-expressing neurons often preferentially synapse onto other non-pyramidal cells in L2/3, especially other CR-expressing or calbindin-expressing cells.

“Such observations were later extended to the neocortex, where CR-expressing neurons were found to often preferentially make synapses onto other non-pyramidal cells in L2/3, particularly other CR-expressing”

• Also stated in: § C. Disinhibition · plain

  “or calbindin-expressing cells”

• cites Caputi et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Defelipe et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gonchar and Burkhalter, 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Blocking nicotinic receptors significantly reduces the correlation between VIP interneuron activity and running.

“blocking nicotinic receptors significantly reduced the correlation of the activity of VIP INs and running.”

• cites Fu et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Local blockade of glutamatergic neurotransmission does not affect the running-related activity of VIP cells.

“locally blocking glutamatergic neurontransmission did not affect the running-related neuronal activity of VIP cells.”

• cites Fu et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

In awake mice, unidentified non-fast-spiking neurons in barrel cortex are highly active during whisking even without sensory stimulation.

“Whole cell recordings of different L2/3 populations of GABAergic neurons in the barrel cortex of awake mice showed that unidentified non-FS neurons were highly active during periods of whisking, in the absence of sensory stimulation”

• cites Gentet et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gentet et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Bipolar CR neurons connect to multipolar CR neurons with much higher probability than to any other tested neuronal type, followed by other interneuronal types and then pyramidal cells.

“Bipolar CR neurons had much higher connection probability to multipolar CR neurons than to any other neuronal type tested, seconded by other interneuronal types (including other bipolar CR cells) and pyramidal cells coming last.”

• cites Caputi et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

VIP cell activity in V1 is tightly coupled to the animal's locomotor activity.

“Studying the effect of locomotion (running) on gain modulation in V1, it was observed that the activity of VIP cells was tightly coupled to the animal’s locomotor activity (Fu et al., 2014).”

• cites Fu et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The sensory thalamus makes synaptic contact with VIP neurons in somatosensory and visual cortices.

“Anatomical observations in somatosensory and visual cortices have shown that the sensory thalamus makes synaptic contact with VIP neurons (Hajos et al., 1996; Staiger et al., 1996).”

• cites Hajos et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Staiger et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Interneuron types generally thought to mainly inhibit principal cells may in some specific contexts produce predominantly disinhibition.

“Some of them also illustrate the possibility that interneuron types that are often thought to produce mainly inhibition of principal cells may in some specific cases produce predominantly disinhibition.”

In some structures, NGFC-mediated inhibition may have a more spatially restricted influence than expected from volume transmission.

“the results raise the possibility that in some structures NGFC-mediated inhibition can have more spatially restricted influence than what might be expected from volume transmission.”

• cites Chittajallu et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Disinhibition may be more widespread in neocortex than previously appreciated.

“These examples suggest that disinhibition might be found more widely than what has been appreciated.”

The global recruitment of the VIP disinhibitory circuit by reinforcement signals likely involves subcortical neuromodulatory systems.

“This global effect is also likely to involve subcortical neuromodulatory systems.”

Inhibition of feedforward inhibition increases the temporal window for integration of excitatory thalamic input in spiny stellate cells.

“The inhibition of FFI resulted in an increase in the temporal window for integration of excitatory thalamic input in spiny stellate cells (Figure 5D), as previously observed for the GABAB and cholinergic inhibition of GABA release from FS cells”

• cites Chittajallu et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kruglikov and Rudy, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

VIP neurons in V1 receive direct inputs from the lateral geniculate nucleus.

“monosynaptic rabies virus experiments suggested that VIP neurons in V1 receive direct inputs from LGN (Fu et al., 2014).”

• cites Fu et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.