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Mechanisms of Gamma Oscillations
Open accessAbstract
Gamma rhythms are commonly observed in many brain regions during both waking and sleep states, yet their functions and mechanisms remain a matter of debate. Here we review the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying gamma oscillations and outline empirical questions and controversial conceptual issues. Our main points are as follows: First, gamma-band rhythmogenesis is inextricably tied to perisomatic inhibition. Second, gamma oscillations are short-lived and typically emerge from the coordinated interaction of excitation and inhibition, which can be detected as local field potentials. Third, gamma rhythm typically concurs with irregular firing of single neurons, and the network frequency of gamma oscillations varies extensively depending on the underlying mechanism. To document gamma oscillations, efforts should be made to distinguish them from mere increases of gamma-band power and/or increased spiking activity. Fourth, the magnitude of gamma oscillation is modulated by slower rhythms. Such cross-frequency coupling may serve to couple active patches of cortical circuits. Because of their ubiquitous nature and strong correlation with the "operational modes" of local circuits, gamma oscillations continue to provide important clues about neuronal population dynamics in health and disease.
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“a characteristic functional pattern depending on synaptic inhibition onto PV-expressing cells (Buzsáki and Wang, 2012).”
From Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and γ Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex (2020) · cites this paper as Buzsáki and Wang, 2012
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“A large body of experimental and computer modeling work has suggested essential roles of GABAergic neurons in the generation of cortical fast oscillations”
From GABAergic Interneurons in the Neocortex: From Cellular Properties to Circuits (2016) · cites this paper as Buzsaki and Wang, 2012
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“a rhythm inextricably tied to perisomatic inhibition (Buzsáki and Wang, 2012)”
From Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and γ Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex (2020) · cites this paper as Buzsáki and Wang, 2012
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“They help to create and maintain gamma oscillations, which are high-frequency waves between 20 and 100 Hz [66,75].”
From Parvalbumin interneuron vulnerability and brain disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
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“In addition, PV-INs connect to many principal neurons [74,75,87,88].”
From Parvalbumin interneuron vulnerability and brain disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
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“representation [25, 26] and attention [27, 28], although this role of gamma band in perception and cognition remains controversial [29, 30].”
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Tasks for inhibitory interneurons in intact brain circuits
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Metadata
- Authors
- Buzsáki, G., & Wang, X.-J.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2012-07-21
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 203-225
- ISSN
- 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4126
- PMC
- PMC4049541
- OpenAlex
- W2162013747
- Cited by
- 2,796
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 221 · 2025: 273 · 2024: 226 · 2023: 220 · 2022: 216 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 233 · 2019: 212 · 2018: 208 · 2017: 187 · 2016: 149 · 2015: 153 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 9.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH054671, R01MH062349, MH54671)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS034994, NS034994)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Nonlinear Dynamics and Pattern Formation
- Keywords
- gamma oscillations, rhythmogenesis, perisomatic inhibition, excitation-inhibition balance, local field potentials, cross-frequency coupling, slow oscillations, cortical circuits, neural population dynamics, sleep, waking state
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Brain, Humans, Membrane Potentials, Models, Neurological, Neural Inhibition, Neural Pathways, Brain Waves
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