The DOI matches its Crossref record; 124 of the 124 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cytochrome P450s in the Regulation of Cellular Retinoic Acid Metabolism
Open accessAbstract
The active metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid (RA), is a powerful regulator of gene transcription. RA is also a therapeutic drug. The oxidative metabolism of RA by certain members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily helps to maintain tissue RA concentrations within appropriate bounds. The CYP26 family—CYP26A1, CYP26B1, and CYP26C1—is distinguished by being both regulated by and active toward all-trans-RA (at-RA) while being expressed in different tissue-specific patterns. The CYP26A1 gene is regulated by multiple RA response elements. CYP26A1 is essential for embryonic development, whereas CYP26B1 is essential for postnatal survival as well as germ cell development. Enzyme kinetic studies have demonstrated that several CYP proteins are capable of metabolizing at-RA; however, it is likely that CYP26A1 plays a major role in RA clearance. Thus, pharmacological approaches to limiting the activity of CYP26 enzymes may extend the half-life of RA and could be useful clinically in the future.
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“Because all-trans-retinoic acid formation is irreversible, an excess of this active retinoid can be cleared only by its further conversion to more polar metabolites through oxidation by cytochrome P450 (CYP26) and/or glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyl transferases (UGTs).137,138”
From Chemistry of the Retinoid (Visual) Cycle (2014) · cites this paper as [138]
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Cites
A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors
Chambon, P. (1996) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801176 · Cited by 2,889 · cited 2×
“Nearly all of the cells of the embryo are capable of RA signaling, as isoforms of each of the retinoid nuclear receptors are expressed during embryonic development (10).”
BackgroundClinical importance of the cytochromes P450
Nebert, D. W., & Russell, D. W. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11203-7 · Cited by 1,416
Retinoic Acid Synthesis and Signaling during Early Organogenesis
Duester, G. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.002 · Cited by 1,098
Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid
Balmer, J. E., & Blomhoff, R. (2002) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r100015-jlr200 · Cited by 1,039
Retinoid signaling determines germ cell fate in mice
Bowles, J., Knight, D., Smith, C., Wilhelm, D., Richman, J., Mamiya, S., Yashiro, K., Chawengsaksophak, K., Wilson, M. J., Rossant, J., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1125691 · Cited by 1,011
Overview of retinoid metabolism and function
Blomhoff, R., & Blomhoff, H. K. (2006) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.20242 · Cited by 981
Retinoic acid regulates sex-specific timing of meiotic initiation in mice
Koubova, J., Menke, D. B., Zhou, Q., Capel, B., Griswold, M. D., & Page, D. C. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0510813103 · Cited by 941
V ITAMIN A, I NFECTION , AND I MMUNE F UNCTION *
Stephensen, C. B. (2001) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.167 · Cited by 776
Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes
Bastien, J., & Rochette-Egly, C. (2004) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.005 · Cited by 773
Retinoic acid in development: Towards an integrated view
Niederreither, K., & Dollé, P. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2340 · Cited by 726
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Items 101–101 of 101
Ghanem, S. S., Al-Barazenji, T., Badi, R., & Abdelalim, E. M. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12480-9
Metadata
- Authors
- Catharine Ross, A., & Zolfaghari, R.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- ORCID
- Zolfaghari, Reza
- Venue
- Annual Review of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2011-08-21
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-87
- ISSN
- 0199-9885 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4312
- PMC
- PMC3789243
- OpenAlex
- W2167484695
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (CA90214, R01CA090214)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK041479)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Keywords
- retinoic acid, cytochrome P450, CYP26A1, CYP26B1, CYP26C1, retinoic acid metabolism, all-trans retinoic acid, vitamin A, transcriptional regulation, embryonic development, germ cell development, enzyme kinetics
- MeSH terms
- Retinoic Acid 4-Hydroxylase, Animals, Biotransformation, Cell Differentiation, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Humans, Isoenzymes, Liver, Stem Cells, Tretinoin, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Embryonic Development, Retinoid X Receptors, Biocatalysis
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