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Voter Identification Laws and Turnout in the United States
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This article analyzes voter identification laws in the United States and their effects on voter turnout. Theoretically, there are plausible reasons to hypothesize turnout lowering effects, though there are also reasons to hypothesize those effects might be minimal. Methodologically, there are research design hurdles to clear in order to produce effect estimates that may be attributed to voter identification laws. Empirically, a small number of studies have employed suitable research designs and generally find modest, if any, turnout effects of voter identification laws. This may indicate that voter identification laws have only minor effects on turnout, or it may be due to the fact that the type of voter identification law that may have the most significant effects—a strict photo identification law—is a relatively recent phenomenon. Future elections and the related additional data may make it possible to adjudicate among these possibilities.
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Over the past 15 years, a wave of state laws has aimed to make it harder for likely Democratic supporters to register and vote.
“Concerns about antidemocratic restrictions on participation stem from the wave of state laws aimed to make it more difficult for likely supporters of Democratic candidates to register and cast their ballots.”
From Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding (2018) · cites this paper as Highton 2017
These restrictive voting laws are most common in states where Republicans recently won legislative majorities.
“These laws have emerged over the past 15 years and are most common where Republicans have recently won state legislative majorities”
From Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding (2018) · cites this paper as Highton 2017
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Kang, M., & Park, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197777497.013.0022
Lipkovitz, R. (2025) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/20531680251401762
Mallinson, D. J., & Jansa, J. M. (2026) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592726104988
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Metadata
- Authors
- Highton, B.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Highton, Benjamin
- ORCID
- Highton, Benjamin
- Venue
- Annual Review of Political Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2017-05-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 149-167
- ISSN
- 1094-2939 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1577
- OpenAlex
- W2581049976
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 16.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Political Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Keywords
- voter ID laws, voter turnout, photo-identification, voting access, electoral law, research design, effect estimation, United States elections
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