The DOI matches its Crossref record; 161 of the 161 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social Media Elements, Ecologies, and Effects
Abstract
This review delineates core components of the social media ecosystem, specifying how online platforms complicate established social psychological effects. We assess four pairs of social media elements and effects: profiles and self-presentation; networks and social mobilization; streams and social comparison; and messages and social connectedness. In the process, we describe features and affordances that comprise each element, underscoring the complexity of social media contexts as they shift to a central topic within psychology. Reflecting on this transitional state, we discuss how researchers will struggle to replicate the effects of dynamic social environments. Consequently, we outline the obstacles in isolating effects that reoccur across platforms, as well as the challenges and opportunities that come with measuring contexts across periods. By centering on the elements that define the online ecosystem, psychological research can establish a more durable foundation for replicating the effects of social media and chronicling the evolution of social interaction.
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“Thus, features such as persistent streams, network visibility, and low-friction messaging can heighten social comparison, exposure, and interaction with potentially harmful others (71).”
From Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes of Online Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies (2026) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“by measuring college students' social media use across several platforms (vs. one particular platform), our study captured social media usage in a more ecologically valid fashion43:”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Second, emerging work recommends measuring social media use across multiple platforms because people use them for different purposes and in different amounts.43”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
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“…such as newspapers and television, which rely more heavily on one-way transmission, social media tend to promote interpersonal interaction, willingness to express oneself, and sustained attentional involvement through interactive affordances and quantifiable social cues (Bayer et al., 2020).”
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“In the social media context, Bayer et al. (2020) provide an influential synthesis, distinguishing structural elements (such as the persistence, visibility, and editability of content) from the ecologies in which they are embedded and the effects they produce.”
InfluentialWang, J., Zhao, W., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09889-7
“This temporal dimension triggers a heightened perception of impending threat, consistent with Bayer et al.’s (2020 ) findings regarding the role of fear arousal in behavioural modification.”
Liu, J., Huang, J., Yan, X., & Tang, X. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.109235
Wu, H., & Ge, Y. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16081430
“This moves beyond the diffuse, largely undifferen‑ tiated view of online peripheral ties prevailing in prior aging literature (Bayer et al., 2020; Grotto & Buja, 2025; Jung & Sundar, 2016; P. L. Liu & Yeo, 2024), providing a structured map to examine relational dynamics in later life.”
Influentialde la Hoz, J. P., Zárate, Z. E., & Trujillo, C. R. C. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103438
Social technology use and life satisfaction in a five-wave panel study of US adults
Kushlev, K., Moon, K., Motyl, M. S., Fast, N. J., & Schroeder, J. (2026) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02564-8
Beyond Text: Embodiment and Robots
Perry, A., & Cameron, C. D. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009639057.016
Metadata
- Authors
- Bayer, J. B., Triệu, P., & Ellison, N. B.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-01-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 471-497
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2973059560
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 161
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 19
- FWCI
- 8.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Keywords
- social media, social networking sites, self-presentation, social networks, social mobilization, social comparison, social connectedness, social interaction
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Psychology, Social, Social Media
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