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Episodic Memory and Beyond: The Hippocampus and Neocortex in Transformation
Open accessAbstract
The last decade has seen dramatic technological and conceptual changes in research on episodic memory and the brain. New technologies, and increased use of more naturalistic observations, have enabled investigators to delve deeply into the structures that mediate episodic memory, particularly the hippocampus, and to track functional and structural interactions among brain regions that support it. Conceptually, episodic memory is increasingly being viewed as subject to lifelong transformations that are reflected in the neural substrates that mediate it. In keeping with this dynamic perspective, research on episodic memory (and the hippocampus) has infiltrated domains, from perception to language and from empathy to problem solving, that were once considered outside its boundaries. Using the component process model as a framework, and focusing on the hippocampus, its subfields, and specialization along its longitudinal axis, along with its interaction with other brain regions, we consider these new developments and their implications for the organization of episodic memory and its contribution to functions in other domains.
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“In mammals, allocentric navigation is thought to involve the operation of an extended cortico-hippocampal network that conveys highly processed visual and multisensory information to the hippocampal circuits for further processing and transformation into “world-centered” relational spatial representations [74,76,79,188,189,190,191,192].”
From Spatial Cognition in Teleost Fish: Strategies and Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as [191]
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“These cortical nodes appear to be associated with different aspects of episodic memory: the PCC with autobiographical recall, RSC with spatial navigation, mPFC with regulation of memory encoding and recall, and the AG with elaboration of the contents of memory.”
From 20 years of the default mode network: A review and synthesis. (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
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In the citing paper
“Studies on this topic have indicated that episodic memory may be recruited for additional tasks where particular details of past experiences are leveraged to generate, or assemble and maintain, mental content that incorporates specific elements of prior events.”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Moscovitch et al. 2016
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“Strikingly, during the past decade, episodic memory, and the neural processes that support it, have been found to be engaged during tasks beyond simple remembering that may also involve the retrieval and reconstruction of episodic details for completion, such as future thinking or simulation, decision making, and problem solving (for review, see Schacter et al. 2012;Moscovitch et al. 2016;Schacter”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Moscovitch et al. 2016
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“Recent conceptual work has suggested that engagement of the hippocampus (and core network more broadly) is exhibited during generative tasks that nominally involve the retrieval and reconstruction of episodic details for completion, such as simulation, decision making, and problem solving”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Moscovitch et al. 2016
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“the collective results reported here converge on the idea that the boundary conditions and neural expressions of a constructive episodic memory system lie beyond simple remembering”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Moscovitch et al. 2016
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“First, episodic memories depend on many brain regions for their creation and persistence.”
From Episodic Memory in AI Agents Poses Risks that Should be Studied and Mitigated (2025) · cites this paper as [70]
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“According to the hippocampal indexing theory [69], an encoding of an episode in the hippocampus serves as a kind of index that points to and binds together representations in the neocortex that form the basis of the episode, such as multimodal sensory representations along with associated emotional and conceptual information [70].”
From Episodic Memory in AI Agents Poses Risks that Should be Studied and Mitigated (2025) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the typical delay for hippocampal consolidation processes starts at approximately one hour (for shorter delays it may rather relate to short-term memory, relying distinct mechanisms) [128–131].”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [131]
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Citations
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A Metaverse: Taxonomy, Components, Applications, and Open Challenges
Park, S., & Kim, Y. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3140175 · Cited by 2,046
Mind-wandering as spontaneous thought: a dynamic framework
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Memory engrams: Recalling the past and imagining the future
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The default mode network in cognition: a topographical perspective
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20 years of the default mode network: A review and synthesis.
Menon, V. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.023 · Cited by 934
Metadata
- Authors
- Moscovitch, M., Cabeza, R., Winocur, G., & Nadel, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Duke University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-01-04
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 105-134
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC5060006
- OpenAlex
- W1702555102
- Cited by
- 1,062
- References
- 213
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 27
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MGP6694)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG019731, AG 19731)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, hippocampus, neocortex, hippocampal subfields, Component Process Model, neural substrates of memory, hippocampal-neocortical interaction, memory and perception, language and memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neocortex, Rats, Memory, Episodic
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