Cited by 144Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk ManagementHealth disparities and outcomesHealthcare Systems and Public Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 142 of the 147 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Declining Life Expectancy in the United States: Missing the Trees for the Forest

Open access

Harper, Sam, Riddell, Corinne A., King, Nicholas B.·2021·Annual Review of Public Health

DOI 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082619-104231

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In recent years, life expectancy in the United States has stagnated, followed by three consecutive years of decline. The decline is small in absolute terms but is unprecedented and has generated considerable research interest and theorizing about potential causes. Recent trends show that the decline has affected nearly all race/ethnic and gender groups, and the proximate causes of the decline are increases in opioid overdose deaths, suicide, homicide, and Alzheimer's disease. A slowdown in the long-term decline in mortality from cardiovascular diseases has also prevented life expectancy from improving further. Although a popular explanation for the decline is the cumulative decline in living standards across generations, recent trends suggest that distinct mechanisms for specific causes of death are more plausible explanations. Interventions to stem the increase in overdose deaths, reduce access to mechanisms that contribute to violent deaths, and decrease cardiovascular risk over the life course are urgently needed to improve mortality in the United States.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082619-104231

Cites

142 of 142 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cancer statistics, 2020
Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2020) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21590 · Cited by 20,444
The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001–2014
Chetty, R., Stepner, M., Abraham, S., Lin, S., Scuderi, B., Turner, N., Bergeron, A., & Cutler, D. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4226 · Cited by 2,812
Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century
Case, A., & Deaton, A. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1518393112 · Cited by 2,759
Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites
Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113 · Cited by 2,486
Income inequality and health: A causal review
Pickett, K. E., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.031 · Cited by 2,120
The Increasing Disparity in Mortality between Socioeconomic Groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986
Pappas, G., Queen, S., Hadden, W., & Fisher, G. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199307083290207 · Cited by 1,524
Mortality and Morbidity in the 21st Century
Case, A., & Deaton, A. (2017) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.1353/eca.2017.0005 · Cited by 1,448
Area Deprivation and Widening Inequalities in US Mortality, 1969–1998
Singh, G. K. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.7.1137 · Cited by 1,431
Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism
Case, A. C., & Deaton, A. (2020) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvpr7rb2 · Cited by 1,115
Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017
Woolf, S. H., & Schoomaker, H. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.16932 · Cited by 968

Show all 147 references

Research works printed but not linked: 18

Arias E, 2008, Vital Health Stat. 2., 2008, 1
CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.), Natl. Cent. Health Stat, 2020, Underlying cause of death, 1999–2018
Fingerhut LA, 1998, Public Health Rep, 113, 218
Hedegaard H, 2018, Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2017
IHS (Indian Health Serv.), 2019, Indian health disparities
Kawachi I, 1999, The Society and Population Health Reader: Income Inequality and Health
Krieger N, 1997, Public Health Rep, 112, 481
Lipari RN, 2013, CBHSQ Report
Massey JT., 1967, Suicide in the United States, 1950–1964
Natl. Cancer Inst, 2019, Mortality—all COD, aggregated with county, total U.S. (1969–2017), <Katrina/Rita population adjustment>- Linked to county attributes - total U.S., 1969–2018 counties
Natl. Cent. Health Stat, 2018, Health, United States 2017
Crimmins EM, 2010, International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages: Dimensions and Sources
Rostron BL, 2010, Vital Health Stat. 2, 2010, 1
Ryerson AB, 2020, MMWR, 69, 399
Spencer MR, 2019, Natl. Vital Stat. Rep., 68, 1
Stat. Can, 2019, The Daily
Tompson T, 2013, The public mood: white malaise but optimism among blacks, Hispanics
WHO (World Health Organ.), 2020, Situation Reports

Sorted by citations

Report of the Lancet Commission on the Value of Death: Bringing death back into life
Sallnow, L., Smith, R., Ahmedzai, S. H., Bhadelia, A., Chamberlain, C., Cong, Y., Doble, B., Dullie, L., Durie, R., Finkelstein, E. A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02314-x · Cited by 807
Glioblastoma as an age-related neurological disorder in adults
Kim, M., Ladomersky, E., Mozny, A., Kocherginsky, M., O’Shea, K., Reinstein, Z. Z., Zhai, L., Bell, A., Lauing, K. L., Bollu, L. R., et al. (2021) · Neuro-Oncology Advances · doi:10.1093/noajnl/vdab125 · Cited by 114
Inequality in mortality between Black and White Americans by age, place, and cause and in comparison to Europe, 1990 to 2018
Schwandt, H., Currie, J., Bär, M., Banks, J. W., Bertoli, P., Bütikofer, A., Cattan, S., Chao, B. Z.-Y., da Costa, C. H., González, L., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104684118 · Cited by 91
Ten Americas: a systematic analysis of life expectancy disparities in the USA
Dwyer‐Lindgren, L., Baumann, M. M., Li, Z., Kelly, Y. O., Schmidt, C., Searchinger, C., Motte‐Kerr, W. L., Bollyky, T. J., Mokdad, A. H., & Murray, C. J. L. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01495-8 · Cited by 69
Patients, Families, and Communities COVID-19 Impact Assessment: Lessons Learned and Compelling Needs
Families, U. S. A., Isasi, F., Naylor, M. D., Skorton, D. J., Grabowski, D. C., Hernandez, S., & Rice, V. M. (2021) · NAM Perspectives · doi:10.31478/202111c · Cited by 84
Telehealth for opioid use disorder treatment in low-barrier clinic settings: an exploration of clinician and staff perspectives
Aronowitz, S. V., Engel‐Rebitzer, E., Dolan, A. R., Oyekanmi, K. O., Mandell, D., Meisel, Z. F., South, E. C., & Lowenstein, M. (2021) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00572-7 · Cited by 65
The significance of cognitive-behavioral therapy on suicide: An umbrella review
Wu, H., Liu, L., Qian, Y., Jin, X., Yu, H., Du, L., Fu, X., Zhu, B., & Chen, H. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.067 · Cited by 57
Growing Up in Rural America
Clark, S., Harper, S. B., & Weber, B. A. (2022) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2022.8.3.01 · Cited by 55
Self-citation
Missing Americans: Early death in the United States—1933–2021
Bor, J. H., Stokes, A., Raifman, J., Venkataramani, A. S., Bassett, M. T., Himmelstein, D. U., & Woolhandler, S. J. (2023) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad173 · Cited by 43
The association of green space, tree canopy and parks with life expectancy in neighborhoods of Los Angeles
Connolly, R. E., Lipsitt, J. M., Aboelata, M. J., Yañez, E., Bains, J., & Jerrett, M. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.107785 · Cited by 44
The effect of dietary fat consumption on Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis in mouse models
Amelianchik, A., Sweetland-Martin, L., & Norris, E. H. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02067-w · Cited by 44
Demographic and regional trends of peripheral artery disease-related mortality in the United States, 2000 to 2019
Issa, R., Nazir, S., Minhas, A. M. K., Lang, J. J., Ariss, R. W., Kayani, W. T., Khalid, M. U., Sperling, L. S., Shapiro, M. D., Jneid, H. M., et al. (2023) · Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1177/1358863x221140151 · Cited by 39
Field‐portable detection of fentanyl and its analogs: A review
Crocombe, R. A., Giuntini, G., Schiering, D. W., Profeta, L. T. M., Hargreaves, M. D., Leary, P. E., Brown, C. D., & Chmura, J. W. (2023) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.15355 · Cited by 35
Defining despair: Assessing the multidimensionality of despair and its association with suicidality and substance use in early to middle adulthood
Gutin, I., Copeland, W., Godwin, J. W., Harris, K. M., Shanahan, L., & Gaydosh, L. M. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115764 · Cited by 26
Glocal is global: reimagining the training of global health students in high-income countries
Anand, S. S., & Pai, M. (2023) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00382-0 · Cited by 27
Trends in telehealth and its implications for health disparities
Edmiston, K. D., & Alzubi, J. (2022) · doi:10.52227/25241.2022 · Cited by 25
Psychiatry and Deaths of Despair
Shanahan, L., & Copeland, W. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0256 · Cited by 23
Frequency of the Dopamine Receptor D3 (rs6280) vs. Opioid Receptor µ1 (rs1799971) Polymorphic Risk Alleles in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder: A Preponderance of Dopaminergic Mechanisms?
Gondré‐Lewis, M. C., Elman, I., Alim, T. N., Chapman, E., Settles-Reaves, B., Galvao, C., Gold, M. S., Baron, D. A., Kazmi, S., Gardner, E. L., et al. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10040870 · Cited by 21
Alcohol-Attributable Deaths Help Drive Growing Socioeconomic Inequalities In US Life Expectancy, 2000–18
Probst, C., Könen, M., Rehm, J. T., & Sudharsanan, N. (2022) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01905 · Cited by 21
Escalating costs of self-injury mortality in the 21st century United States: an interstate observational study
Rockett, I. R. H., Ali, B., Caine, E. D., Shepard, D. S., Banerjee, A., Nolte, K. B., Connery, H. S., Larkin, G. L., Stack, S. J., White, F. M. M., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15188-8 · Cited by 21
Progress Stalled? The Uncertain Future of Mortality in High‐Income Countries
Dowd, J. B., Polizzi, A., & Tilstra, A. M. (2025) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12687 · Cited by 21
Why Gilgamesh failed: the mechanistic basis of the limits to human lifespan
Milholland, B., & Vijg, J. (2022) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-022-00291-z · Cited by 20
The Microbiome and Infectious Diseases
Haraoui, L., & Blaser, M. J. (2023) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciad577 · Cited by 18
Impact of the Health-Smart Holistic Health Program: A CBPR Approach to Improve Health and Prevent Adverse Outcomes for Black Older Adults
Tucker, C. M., Wippold, G. M., Roncoroni, J., Henry, M. A., Klein, K. G., Garrepy, M., Ateyah, W. A., Burwell, A., Walker, H., Clements, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/26320770221099586 · Cited by 18
Environmental correlates of mortality: How does air pollution contribute to geographic disparities in cardiovascular disease mortality?
Sun, Y. (2023) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-023-00442-3 · Cited by 17
Heterogeneity in Disparities in Life Expectancy Across US Metropolitan Areas
Schnake-Mahl, A. S., Mullachery, P. H., Purtle, J., Li, R., Roux, A. V. D., & Bilal, U. (2022) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001537 · Cited by 14
Decriminalization thresholds for drug possession: A multi-criteria policy analysis framework
McAdam, E., Small, W., Mullins, G., Graham, B. M., Greer, A., Winder, N. N., & DeBeck, K. (2023) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104126 · Cited by 13
Three noteworthy idiosyncrasies related to Canada's opioid‐death crisis, and implications for public health‐oriented interventions
Fischer, B., Robinson, T., & Jutras‐Aswad, D. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13796 · Cited by 12
High BMI Predicts Attention to Less Healthy Product Sets: Can a Prompt Lead to Consideration of Healthier Sets of Products?
Gustafson, C. R., Arslain, K. B., & Rose, D. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082620 · Cited by 12
Economic development and health status in Iran: A panel data analysis
Ghojagh, H. M. N., Agheli, L., Dizaji, S. F., & Kabir, M. J. (2022) · Environmental and Sustainability Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.indic.2022.100221 · Cited by 12
Catalyst Twenty-Twenty: Post-Traumatic Growth at Scales of Person, Place and Planet
Logan, A. C., Berman, S. H., Scott, R. B., Berman, B., & Prescott, S. L. (2021) · Challenges · doi:10.3390/challe12010009 · Cited by 13
Spatial disparities in air conditioning ownership in Florida, United States
Ahn, Y., Uejio, C. K., Wong, S., Powell, E., & Holmes, T. (2023) · Journal of Maps · doi:10.1080/17445647.2023.2253262 · Cited by 11
Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Using eHealth for Information Seeking in the United States: Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study With 3 Time Points Using Health Information National Trends Survey Data
Vazquez, C. E., Mauldin, R. L., Mitchell, D. N., & Ohri, F. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/54745 · Cited by 11
De-Implementing Opioids for Dental Extractions (DIODE): a multi-clinic, cluster-randomized trial of clinical decision support strategies in dentistry
Gryczynski, J., Mitchell, S. G., Asche, S. E., Truitt, A. R., Worley, D. C., & Rindal, D. B. (2023) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-023-01262-7 · Cited by 11
Understanding the health decline of Americans in boomers to millennials
Zheng, H., Dirlam, J., Choi, Y., & George, L. K. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116282 · Cited by 12
Naloxone vending machines in county jail
Victor, G. A., Hedden-Clayton, B., Lenz, D., Attaway, P. R., & Ray, B. R. (2024) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2024.209521 · Cited by 10
Multidimensional Population Health Modeling: A Data-Driven Multivariate Statistical Learning Approach
Wei, Z., Narin, A. B., & Mukherjee, S. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153482 · Cited by 12
Social Vulnerability and the Prevalence of Opioid Use Disorder Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries in U.S. Counties
Yang, T., Kim, S., Matthews, S. A., & Shoff, C. M. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbad146 · Cited by 9
Two complementary approaches to estimate an excess of mortality: The case of Switzerland 2022
Locatelli, I., & Rousson, V. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290160 · Cited by 9
Five Insights for Avoiding Global Collapse
Herrington, G. (2022) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-3721-4 · Cited by 9
Factors influencing pain medication and opioid use in patients with musculoskeletal injuries: a retrospective insurance claims database study
Scholz, S., Thalmann, N. F., Müller, D., Trippolini, M. A., & Wertli, M. M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52477-7 · Cited by 9
Examining the Association between Racialized Economic Threat and White Suicide in the United States, 2000–2016
Rambotti, S. (2022) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211069873 · Cited by 9
Exploring inequalities in life expectancy and lifespan variation by race/ethnicity and urbanicity in the United States: 1990 to 2019
Ramos, I. P. D., Auchincloss, A. H., & Bilal, U. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101230 · Cited by 10
Group eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in chronic pain patients
Vock, S., Delker, A., Rinderknecht, J., Engel, F., Wieland, S., Beiner, E., Friederich, H., Jarero, I., Seidler, G. H., & Tesarz, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1264807 · Cited by 8
“Deaths of despair” over the business cycle: New estimates from a shift-share instrumental variables approach
Lowenstein, C. (2024) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101374 · Cited by 8
Buprenorphine deregulation as an opioid crisis policy response - A comparative analysis between France and the United States
Sud, A., Chiu, K., Friedman, J. R., & Dupouy, J. (2023) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104161 · Cited by 7
Inequality in the golden years: Wealth gradients in disability-free and work-free longevity in the United States
Bavafa, H., Mukherjee, A., & Welch, T. Q. (2023) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102820 · Cited by 7
Suicides, drug poisonings, and alcohol-related deaths cluster with health and social disadvantage in 4.1 million citizens from two nations
Richmond‐Rakerd, L. S., D’Souza, S., Milne, B. J., & Andersen, S. H. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723003495 · Cited by 7
The Role of Despair in Predicting Self-Destructive Behaviors
Gaydosh, L. M., Kelly, A. L., Gutin, I., Shanahan, L., Godwin, J. W., Harris, K. M., & Copeland, W. (2025) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-025-09952-4 · Cited by 6
Age- and cause-specific contributions to increase in life expectancy at birth in Korea, 2000–2019: a descriptive study
Kim, I., & Bae, H. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17974-4 · Cited by 6
Characteristics of older adult hospitalized patients with bronchial asthma: a retrospective study
Zhang, Y., & Huang, L. (2021) · Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1186/s13223-021-00628-0 · Cited by 6
Effect of human mesenchymal stem cell secretome administration on morphine self-administration and relapse in two animal models of opioid dependence
Quintanilla, M. E., Quezada, M., Morales, P., Berríos‐Cárcamo, P., Santapau, D., Ezquer, M., Herrera‐Marschitz, M., Israel, Y., & Ezquer, F. E. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02225-0 · Cited by 8
Distributionally sensitive measurement and valuation of population health
Costa, S. D., O’Donnell, O., & Gestel, R. V. (2023) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102847 · Cited by 6
Addressing Cardiovascular Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Populations: The Blood Pressure-Lowering Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors
Nasser, S. A., Arora, N., & Ferdinand, K. C. (2022) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2312411 · Cited by 5
Key Drivers of Long-Term Rates of Mortality Improvements in the U.S.: Period, Cohort and Cause of Death Analysis, 1959-2016
Villegas, A. M., Bajekal, M., Haberman, S., & Zhou, L. (2022) · North American Actuarial Journal · doi:10.1080/10920277.2023.2167834 · Cited by 5
Efficacy of interventions targeted at physician prescribers of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of systematic reviews
Peri, K., Honeycutt, L., Wennberg, E., Windle, S. B., Filion, K. B., Gore, G. C., Kudrina, I., Paraskevopoulos, E., Moiz, A., Martel, M. O., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03287-1 · Cited by 5
Missing Americans: Early Death in the United States, 1933-2021Preprint
Bor, J. H., Stokes, A. C., Raifman, J., Venkataramani, A. S., Bassett, M. T., Himmelstein, D. U., & Woolhandler, S. J. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.22277065 · Cited by 5
Relationships of State Alcohol Policy Environments With Homicides and Suicides
Murphy, J. P., Smart, R., Schell, T. L., Nicosia, N., & Naimi, T. S. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.04.002 · Cited by 4
Detection of benzodiazepines in the unregulated drug supply using point of care and confirmatory drug checking technologies: A validation study
Crepeault, H., Tobias, S., Angelucci, J., Dubland, S., Lysyshyn, M., Wood, E., & Ti, L. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112631 · Cited by 5
Subnational contribution to life expectancy and life span variation changes: Evidence from the United States
Su, W., van Raalte, A., Aburto, J. M., & Canudas‐Romo, V. (2024) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2024.50.22 · Cited by 4
The mortality implications of a unionized career
VanHeuvelen, J. S., Han, X., & VanHeuvelen, J. S. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117620 · Cited by 4
Jointly estimating subnational mortality for multiple populations
Dharamshi, A., Alexander, M. J., Winant, C. D., & Barbiéri, M. (2025) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2025.52.3 · Cited by 4
Healthy working life expectancy across birth cohorts in the United States
Blain, F., & Boissonneault, M. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaf119 · Cited by 4
Heterogeneity in disparities by income in cardiovascular risk factors across 209 US metropolitan areas
Kundrick, J., Rollins, H., Mullachery, P. H., Sharaf, A., Schnake-Mahl, A. S., Roux, A. V. D., & Bilal, U. (2024) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102908 · Cited by 4
Long-term Economic Distress and Growing Educational Inequity in Life Expectancy
Geronimus, A. T., Waidmann, T., Bound, J., Pancini, V., & Yang, M. (2025) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001843 · Cited by 4
Understanding the Demographics of the Opioid Overdose Death CrisisPreprint
Powell, D. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3946596 · Cited by 4
Insights into US life expectancy stagnation from birth cohort mortality dynamics
Abrams, L., Bramajo, O., van Raalte, A., Myrskylä, M., & Mehta, N. K. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2519356123 · Cited by 6
“However, examining the pattern in its totality reveals more of a systemic failure, for which there is no single explanation (49).”
Returning Genetic Information About Risk for Alcohol Use Disorder to Adolescents: Findings of a Preliminary Qualitative Study of Precision Prevention
Weitzman, E. R., Blakemore, L. M., Pierce, S. E., Kossowsky, J., & Levy, S. (2024) · AJPM Focus · doi:10.1016/j.focus.2023.100153 · Cited by 3
Impact of oil and gas boom and busts on working-age mortality in the U.S.
Thombs, R. P., & Willis, M. D. (2025) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000438 · Cited by 3
Unequal by the gun: Four decades of the Black-White firearm homicide gap
Knorre, A., & MacDonald, J. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0341645 · Cited by 3
Elite class self‐interest, socioeconomic inequality and U.S. population health
Ignatow, G., & Gutin, I. (2024) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13813 · Cited by 3
Court Navigators and Opportunities for Disseminating Overdose Prevention Strategies
Ray, B. R., Jensen, S., Desjardins, M. M., Haggerty, J., & Larson, M. (2024) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399241275623 · Cited by 3
Unpacking occupational and sex divides to understand the moderate progress in life expectancy in recent years (France, 2010’s)
Merville, O., Bonnet, F., Launoy, G. D., Camarda, C. G., & Cambois, E. (2024) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-024-02310-4 · Cited by 3
Research Note: Does Despair in Young Adulthood Predict Mortality?
Gutin, I., & Gaydosh, L. M. (2025) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-11861195 · Cited by 3
Unveiling complexity in blue spaces and life expectancy
Cao, Y., Martins, R., & Wu, J. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121981 · Cited by 3
Identifying the Changing Landscape of Younger Adult Mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2021
Cafferky, V., Sun, S., Saadeh, F. B., & Loucks, E. B. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.11.247 · Cited by 3
Understanding the demographics of the opioid overdose death crisis
Powell, D. (2025) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-025-01108-0 · Cited by 3
Inequality in Mortality between Black and White Americans by Age, Place, and Cause, and in Comparison to Europe, 1990-2018
Schwandt, H., Currie, J., Bär, M., Banks, J. W., Bertoli, P., Bütikofer, A., Cattan, S., Chao, B. Z.-Y., da Costa, C. H., González, L., et al. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29203 · Cited by 3
The Gap Between US and Best Practice Life Expectancy Is Increasing
Aburto, J. M., & Vigezzi, S. (2023) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2023.307332 · Cited by 3
How local health departments use wastewater surveillance data for public health planning and intervention in New York State
Raymond, S., Neyra, M., Hill, D., MacLachlan, A. M., McGuire, J., Mahaney, M., Pulido, N., Walia, B., Yang, N., Zhu, Y., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24250-6 · Cited by 2
Effects of restricting alcohol sales on fatal violence: Evidence from Sunday sales bans
Nicosia, N., Smart, R., & Schell, T. L. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110982 · Cited by 2
Assessing life expectancy disparities in Chicago with a deep dive into green space
Folkmann, E. J., Hughes, M. C., Hua, L., Alarifi, M., & Vaezi, M. (2024) · Environmental Advances · doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100540 · Cited by 2
Ranking Age-at-Death Distributions Using Dominance: Robust Evaluation of United States Mortality Trends, 2006–2021
Issa, J., Ourti, T. V., van Baal, P. H. M., & O’Donnell, O. (2024) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-11460856 · Cited by 2
Promoting leadership in prospective first-generation college students using outdoor adventure
Brown, C. L., Lewis, O. J., McCarty, D. L., Ketchum, K. G., & Fox, S. (2024) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2024.2428677 · Cited by 3
The Growth and Stagnation of US Life Expectancy: A Dynamic Simulation Model and Implications
Homer, J. B. (2024) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems12120510 · Cited by 2
Court-mandated redistricting and disparities in infant mortality and deaths of despair
Schnake-Mahl, A. S., Anfuso, G., Bilal, U., Goldstein, N. D., Purtle, J., Hernandez, S. M., & Eberth, J. M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22221-5 · Cited by 2
Misuse and addiction definitions, demographics, and general concepts
Chen, G. L., & Adelman, J. P. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98814-8.00013-5 · Cited by 2
Differences in Beliefs About Suicide by Occupation in a Representative Sample of Adults in the United States, General Social Survey 2002–2021
Blosnich, J. R., Haydinger, A. M., Rhoades, H., & Luca, S. M. D. (2023) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2190363 · Cited by 2
West Virginia Opioid Prescribing For Chronic Pain While Avoiding Drug Diversion
Dydyk, A. M., Sizemore, D. C., Trachsel, L. A., Conermann, T., & Porter, B. R. (2021) · StatPearls · Cited by 2
Inequality in Mortality between Black and White Americans by Age, Place, and Cause, and in Comparison to Europe, 1990-2018Preprint
Schwandt, H., Currie, J., Bär, M., Banks, J. W., Bertoli, P., Bütikofer, A., Cattan, S., Chao, B. Z.-Y., da Costa, C. H., González, L., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3934762 · Cited by 2
Analyzing the Economic Factors Affecting Life Expectancy in G7 Countries Using Panel Data AnalysisPreprint
KANDEMİR, A. Ş., & Çelik, Ş. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3927504/v1 · Cited by 2
Impact of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases Mortality on Life Expectancy in Tianjin, 2004 and 2020
Wang, S., Yin, X., Jiang, T., Xu, J., & Wang, D. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/10105395241251531 · Cited by 1
A Look Into How the “Blue Zone” Lifestyle May Affect Patients’ Lives Before and After Hip Fracture: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study
Ruckle, D., Dahan, A., Jesurajan, J., Nayak, R., Rice, R. C., Wongworawat, M. D., Johnson, J. P., & Rajfer, R. A. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-23-00723 · Cited by 1
Addressing Children and Families within the National Drug Control Strategy
Chaiyachati, B. H., Bosk, E. A., Hunt, A., & Schiff, D. M. (2024) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2024.2371601 · Cited by 1
Spatial Variability and Clustering of Life Expectancy in the United States: 1990–2019
Ramos, I. P. D., McAlexander, T. P., & Bilal, U. (2025) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001879 · Cited by 1
How do States’ Environmental Policy Contexts Predict Geographic Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality?
Sun, Y. (2025) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-025-09970-2 · Cited by 1
From Lifespan Inequality to Lifespan Inequity
Muszyńska, M. M., van Raalte, A., Sasson, I. E., & Asada, Y. (2025) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-025-03711-w · Cited by 1
Economic factors affecting life expectancy in G7 countries: a panel data perspective
KANDEMİR, A. Ş., Çelik, Ş., & Şimşek, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics · doi:10.3389/fams.2026.1711811 · Cited by 1
Socio-economic influences from egg to exit: Emerging biology
Jylhä, M. K., & Finch, C. E. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103104 · Cited by 1
Age-based equitable health resource allocation and the fair innings argument
Gutjahr, W. J. (2026) · OR Spectrum · doi:10.1007/s00291-026-00854-1 · Cited by 1

Authors: Harper, S., Riddell, C. A., & King, N. B.
Affiliations: Erasmus MC (NL)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
McGill University (CA)
ORCID: Harper, Sam
Riddell, Corinne A.
King, Nicholas B.
Venue: Annual Review of Public Health
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2021-04-01
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Pages: 381-403
ISSN: 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
1545-2093
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082619-104231
OpenAlex: W3113152292
Cited by: 144
References: 147
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 14
FWCI: 4.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
Keywords: mortality trends, opioid overdose deaths, suicide, homicide, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular mortality, racial and ethnic disparities, gender disparities, causes of death
MeSH terms: Humans, Life Expectancy, United States

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Declining Life Expectancy in the United States: Missing the Trees for the Forest

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks