Cited by 108Social Media and PoliticsSocial Movements and Cultural IdentityGender, Feminism, and Media

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 159 of the 159 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Contemporary Social Movements in a Hybrid Media Environment

Caren, Neal, Andrews, Kenneth T., Lu, Todd·2020·Annual Review of Sociology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054627

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Media are central to the dynamics of protest and social movements. Contemporary social movements face a shifting environment composed of new media technologies and platforms that enable new identities, organizational forms, and practices. We review recent research focusing on the ways in which movements shape and are shaped by the media environment and the ways in which changes in the media environment have reshaped participation, mobilization, and impacts of activism. We conclude with the following recommendations for scholarship in this burgeoning area: move toward a broader conception of media in movements; expand engagement with scholarship in neighboring disciplines that study politics, media, and communication; develop new methodological and analytical skills for emerging forms of media; and investigate the ways in which media are enhancing, altering, or undermining the ability of movements to mobilize support, shape broader identities and attitudes, and secure new advantages from targets and authorities.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054627

Cites

159 of 159 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970
Wolters, R., & McAdam, D. (1983) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1900286 · Cited by 2,845
Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism
Noble, S. U. (2020) · doi:10.2307/j.ctt1pwt9w5 · Cited by 2,709
How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression
KING, G., PAN, J., & ROBERTS, M. E. (2013) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055413000014 · Cited by 2,415 · cited 1×
“Others, however, increasingly worried about the potential of new media to exacerbate inequalities (Schradie 2019), generate thin forms of “clicktivism” (Shulman 2009), and enhance the capacities for surveillance and repression of movements (King et al. 2013, Tufekci 2017).”
Background
75. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age
Castells, M. (2016) · Democracy · doi:10.7312/blau17412-091 · Cited by 2,330
Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics
Tarrow, S. G. (2011) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511973529 · Cited by 1,932
Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square
Tüfekçi, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x · Cited by 1,660
Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001 · Cited by 1,504
Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest
Sauter, M. (2017) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12331 · Cited by 1,344
Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations
Brabazon, T. (2008) · Cited by 1,272
#Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit’s algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures
Massanari, A. (2017) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444815608807 · Cited by 1,264

Show all 159 references

Research works printed but not linked: 18

Bobo LD., 2017, Br. J. Sociol., 68, 85
De Choudhury M, 2016, Proceedings of the 10th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 92
DeLuca KM, 2016, Int. J. Commun., 10, 19
Garza A., 2014, Feminist Wire
Harlow S, 2011, Int. J. Commun., 5, 16
Hounshell B., 2011, Foreign Policy
Jao N., 2018, TechNode Blog
Lee FLF., 2014, Int. J. Commun., 8, 22
López-Sanders L, 2019, J. Ethn. Migr. Stud.
Lyons MN., 2017, Ctrl-Alt-Delete: the origins and ideology of the Alternative Right
McLeod D., 2007, J. Disput. Resolut., 2007, 12
Rohlinger DA, 2017, Soc. Media Soc., 3
Rucht D., 2004, Cyberprotest: New Media, Citizens and Social Movements, 25
Smith A, 2018, Pew Research Center Internet & Technology Blog
Tilly C., 2004, Social Movements, 1768–2004
Tufekci Z., 2015, Colo. Technol. Law J., 13, 203
Tufekci Z., 2018, New York Times
Zhang C., 2017, Columbia Journalism Review

Sorted by citations

Untitled work
Earl, J. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl8198 · Cited by 250
Voices of a generation the communicative power of youth activism
Eide, E., & Kunelius, R. (2021) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03211-z · Cited by 60
“The general link between the power of such networks and digital communication has been discussed and theorized for more than a decade (e.g., Castells, 2009; see also Caren et al. 2020).”
Background
The distraction effect. Political and entertainment-oriented content on social media, political participation, interest, and knowledge
Matthes, J., Heiss, R., & van Scharrel, H. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107644 · Cited by 50
“Born for a Storm”: Hard-Right Social Media and Civil Unrest
Karell, D., Linke, A. M., Holland, E. C., & Hendrickson, E. (2023) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224231156190 · Cited by 59
“The relationship between social media use and subsequent offline social behavior is ambiguous (Caren, Andrews, and Lu 2020; Haidt and Bail 2022; Zhuravskaya, Petrova, and Enikolopov 2020).”
Background
When the Far Right Makes the News: Protest Characteristics and Media Coverage of Far-Right Mobilization in Europe
Gattinara, P. C., & Froio, C. (2023) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140231169029 · Cited by 27
“…and charismatic leaders in the protest network (Ellinas, 2020), as well as the socio-demographic pro ﬁ le of protesters — that is, their age, status, and gender (Klandermans & Mayer, 2006; Miller-Idriss, 2020), which we could only address indirectly with the data at stake (Caren et al., 2020).”
Background
The social movement was live streamed: a relational analysis of mobile live streaming during the 2019 Hong Kong protests
Fang, K. (2022) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmac033 · Cited by 27
Understanding Collective Identity in Virtual Spaces: A Study of the Youth Climate Movement
Nasrin, S., & Fisher, D. R. (2021) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642211056257 · Cited by 24
“Although there continues to be ongoing discussion about the ways that the diffusion of digital technologies have changed social movements, a general consensus has emerged that digital communications contribute to successful mobilization and collective action, as well as broader information dissemination (see especiall…”
Background
Broadcasting Messages via Telegram: Pro-Government Social Media Control During the 2020 Protests in Belarus and 2022 Anti-War Protests in Russia
Kuznetsova, D. (2023) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2023.2233444 · Cited by 24
Anti-Stigma Organizing in the Age of Social Media: How Social Movement Organizations Leverage Affordances to Build Solidarity
Wang, M. S., & Tracey, P. (2023) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2021.0388 · Cited by 24
Money and Meaning in the Climate Change Debate: Organizational Power, Cultural Resonance, and the Shaping of American Media Discourse
Wetts, R. (2023) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/726747 · Cited by 24
The power of protest in the media: examining portrayals of climate activism in UK news
Scheuch, E. G., Ortiz, M., Shreedhar, G., & Thomas‐Walters, L. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02688-0 · Cited by 21
Progressive or problematic? A comparative analysis of media depictions of demands to defund the police
Craig, M. O., & Reid, J. C. (2022) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-09-2021-0124 · Cited by 25
Framing the Black Lives Matter Movement: An Analysis of Shifting News Coverage in 2014 and 2020
Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2022) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/23294965221092731 · Cited by 20
“Mass media coverage allows social movements to gain legitimacy and advance agendas, but mass media can also work to silence social movements by denying activists a broader platform and by undermining activists’ claims (Caren et al. 2020).”
Background
The power of digital activism for transnational advocacy: Leadership, engagement, and affordance
Cheng, E. W., Lui, E., & Fu, K. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231155376 · Cited by 20
“Social movement and communication scholars have recognized the multifaceted array of media technologies, professions, and content with which social movement actors interact (Caren et al., 2020; Mattoni, 2017).”
Framing Social Movements on Social Media
Mendelsohn, J., Vijan, M., Card, D., & Budak, C. (2024) · Journal of Quantitative Description Digital Media · doi:10.51685/jqd.2024.icwsm.9 · Cited by 28
How migrants manifest their transnational identity through online social networks: comparative findings from a case of Koreans in Germany
Park, S., & Gerrits, L. (2021) · Comparative Migration Studies · doi:10.1186/s40878-020-00218-w · Cited by 22
“The petition fired up the East Asian migrants in Germany to organise a social movement via different OSN channels, following the manner of the contemporary hybrid movement such as #metoo campaign(4) (Caren et al. 2020).”
Background
Digital sociology: origin, development, and prospects from a global perspective
Zhao, Y., & Wang, M. (2023) · The Journal of Chinese Sociology · doi:10.1186/s40711-023-00198-1 · Cited by 37
“This kind of social movement that mobilizes through social media platforms and widely applies digital technologies in the process is becoming increasingly common in Western countries (Caren et al. 2020).”
Background
From Fake News to Echo-Chambers: On The Limitations of New Media for Environmental Activism in Australia, and “Activist-Responsive Adaptation”
Calibeo, D. L., & Hindmarsh, R. (2022) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2022.2028648 · Cited by 15
“For example, regarding electoral use, public opinion, and campaigning including the notable 2010 Arab Spring uprisings, the 2011 Occupy Movement, and more recently, the Black Lives Matter movement starting in 2014 (Caren et al., 2020; Mundt et al., 2018).”
Background
Branding the “wow-academy”: The risks of promotional culture and quasi-corporate communication in higher education
Väliverronen, E., Sihvonen, T., Laaksonen, S.-M., & Koskela, M. (2022) · Studies in Communication Sciences · doi:10.24434/j.scoms.2022.03.3285 · Cited by 15
#StrongTogether? Qualitative Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Reactions to Disaster Volunteering during a Forest Fire in Finland
Raisio, H., Puustinen, A., & Lindell, J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14073983 · Cited by 14
“With regard to the politicization of disaster volunteering, it would also be useful to examine the role of hybrid media in more detail [63,64] and also that of social media influencers [65–67].”
Background
What do Twitter comments tell about news article bias? Assessing the impact of news article bias on its perception on Twitter
Spinde, T., Richter, E., Wessel, M. P., Kulshrestha, J., & Donnay, K. (2023) · Online Social Networks and Media · doi:10.1016/j.osnem.2023.100264 · Cited by 18
Media coverage of climate activist groups in Germany
Dablander, F., Wimmer, S., & Haslbeck, J. M. B. (2025) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-025-03959-8 · Cited by 17
“…protest (such as violence, disruption, or dramatic confrontations) rather than the underlying social or political issues they aim to address (e.g., Caren et al. 2020; Di Cicco 2010; McLeod and Hertog 1999); see Cooper (2023 ) for a similar finding regarding US television coverage of climate…”
The digital coverage of the yellow vest movement as protest activity
Baisnée, O., Cavé, A., Gousset, C., Nollet, J., & Parent, F. (2022) · French Politics · doi:10.1057/s41253-022-00190-0 · Cited by 13
“Many social movements of the twentieth century have expressed concern over the slant of media coverage and devoted attention to their public image (Gitlin 1980; McCurdy 2012; Caren et al. 2020).”
Background
Testing Public Reactions to Mass-Protest Hybrid Media Events
Jiménez-Sánchez, M., Fraile, M., & Lobera, J. (2022) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfac033 · Cited by 13
Social bots spoil activist sentiment without eroding engagement
Li, L., Vásárhelyi, O., & Vedres, B. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74032-0 · Cited by 16
The Black Lives Matter movement mitigates bias against racial minority actors
Lin, Y.-W., Yang, S., Han, W., & Lu, J. G. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2307726121 · Cited by 8
“In doing so, we heed the call from social movement scholars to examine the power of new media - enabled social movements in instigating social change (37).”
Background
Radicalisation, Exhaustion, and Networked Movement in Abeyance: Hong Kong University Students’ Localist Identification after the Umbrella Movement
Tang, G. K. Y., & Chung, H.-F. (2022) · China Perspectives · doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.13749 · Cited by 10
When feminism meets social networks
Prebor, G. (2021) · Library Hi Tech · doi:10.1108/lht-02-2021-0074 · Cited by 9
Dynamics of protest mobilisation in the European poly-crisis
Oana, I., Kriesi, H., & Altiparmakis, A. (2024) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2024.2366388 · Cited by 9
“An overview over four important recent movements – Arab spring, Occupy Wall Street, BLM, and far-right movements reveals a variety of ways in which these movements have used social media for their mobilisation (Caren et al ., 2020).”
Betting on Digital Attention: Pornography vs. Climate, Economics, Elections, Immigration, and War (Don’t Take the Field)
Wright, P. J., Gruszczynski, M., & Woodworth, B. (2025) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2025.2459796 · Cited by 9
I Refused to Say #MeToo: Negotiating Between Individual Agency and ‘Imagined’ Platform Constraints
Dixit, S. (2021) · Journal of Creative Communications · doi:10.1177/0973258620980550 · Cited by 10
“Class and caste-based (very integral to the Indian scenario) exclusion from digital media activism (Bansode, 2020; Schradie, 2018) and counter-activism activities are the other aspects that have also been discussed in the previous literature witnessed during various social media–focused movements such as Arab Spring a…”
Background
The IPCC in the hybrid public sphere: divergent responses to climate mitigation solutions in mainstream and social media
Wetts, R., Painter, J., & Loy, L. (2024) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-024-03827-x · Cited by 8
“…a sense of oppositional identity may be more important to building and mobilizing “dissident counternetworks” than crafting an appealing public message that generates more widespread support (Caren et al. 2020; Davidson and Berezin 2018; Dignam and Rohlinger 2019; Schäfer and North 2019).”
Defusing environmental activism through scientific greening: Government framing strategy and its effects in China
Du, J., Han, R., & Wei-xia, L. (2021) · Environmental Policy and Governance · doi:10.1002/eet.1971 · Cited by 10
Selection and Description Bias in Protest Reporting by Government and News Media on Weibo
Zhang, H., Lu, Y., & Bai, R. X. (2023) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741023001042 · Cited by 7
The Power of Protest in the Media: Examining Portrayals of Climate Activism in UK NewsPreprint
Scheuch, E. G., Ortiz, M., Shreedhar, G., & Thomas‐Walters, L. (2023) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/6jtkn · Cited by 7
Organizing an “organizationless” protest campaign in the WeChatsphere
Cao, H. (2022) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517221078823 · Cited by 7
“As long as the calculation of costs or free-riding becomes less relevant, SMO-led activism is giving way to more “nimble” and “participatory” forms of digital activism (Caren et al., 2020: 444).”
Background
Does Violent Protest Receive Negative Coverage?—Media Framing of Hong Kong Anti-Extradition Bill Movement and French Yellow Vest Movement
Li, Y., Cassard, M., & Holmes, B. (2023) · International Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1080/00207659.2023.2202992 · Cited by 6
“…news coverage, unless they are confrontational events involving violence or arrests; however, coverage of these confrontations often draw attention to the event itself and away from the issues and causes of the movement (Amenta et al. 2009; Caren, Andrews, and Lu 2020; Smith et al. 2001).”
Background
Hybrid Collective Action
Waisbord, S. (2023) · New perspectives in organizational communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22993-0_4 · Cited by 5
Digital activism and collective resistance to police brutality: Systematic review of the quieter and less visible narratives of #EndSARS protest
Etim, E., Fatile, J. O., Duke, J. E., Ibikunle, B. Q., & Duru, E. J. C. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101722 · Cited by 9
Power to the People
Bello, A. W. K., & Kaufhold, K. (2023) · International Journal of Interactive Communication Systems and Technologies · doi:10.4018/ijicst.320652 · Cited by 5
Challenges of #bodypositivity: Social media and hashtag activism
Khonach, T., & Kurz, A. (2024) · Fat Studies · doi:10.1080/21604851.2024.2328405 · Cited by 5
“Hashtags, words, or brief statements, are useful because they can be used in addition to other hashtags, helping individuals find specific content, and raise awareness of certain issues (Caren, Andrews, and Lu 2020; Flesher and Gillan 2017; George and Leidner 2019).”
Background
Beyond the protest paradigm: Four types of news coverage and America's most prominent social movement organizations
Amenta, E., Caren, N., & Yuan, W. (2024) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.13006 · Cited by 5
“In addition, we examine four news sources, supplementing the often-used New York Times (see reviews in Amenta et al., 2017; Caren et al., 2020; Earl et al., 2004) with the Washington Post , Los Angeles Times , and Wall Street Journal .”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
What Drives the News Coverage of US Social Movements?
Yuan, W., Caren, N., & Amenta, E. (2023) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soad057 · Cited by 4
“Although most arguments in the social movement literature apply widely across movements, little scholarship compares many movements and organizations over long periods of time or across many news sources (reviews in Earl et al. 2004; Amenta et al. 2017; Caren et al. 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Media Framing of the International Paralympic Committee’s WeThe15 Disability Inclusion Campaign During Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022: A Comparative Analysis
Geurin, A. N., Hayday, E. J., & Morgan, S. (2025) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/21674795251313689 · Cited by 4
“Research has speci ﬁ cally examined the media framing of social movements (Caren et al., 2020; Elliott et al., 2016; Noetzel et al., 2023), resulting in calls for further research to examine how media alter, enhance, or inhibit social movements ’ ability to shape attitudes, mobilize support, and in…”
Influential
#Biguys and #Biboys: The Discursive Production of Bisexual Men through Instagram’s Homonormative Visual Culture
Rogers, B. (2020) · Journal of Bisexuality · doi:10.1080/15299716.2020.1823298 · Cited by 4
Online Political Participation
Earl, J., & Kenski, K. M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198861126.013.26 · Cited by 4
Feminism on social media: Generalized misogyny
Zhu, X. (2024) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202419902012 · Cited by 4
“Language has been a tool for mirroring society's values since ancient times, often reproducing patriarchal views [6].”
Method
Social media and political protest mobilization: unveiling the dynamics of the Arab Spring 2.0
Al-Qteishat, A. S. A. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06942-1 · Cited by 8
“Today’s social movements encounter a changing landscape that includes new media technologies and platforms, allowing for the emergence of new identities, organizational structures, and behaviors (Caren et al., 2020).”
Assessing the Impact of Digital Alternative News Media in a Hybrid News Environment: Cases from Taiwan and Hong Kong
Nip, J. Y. M., & Cheng, Y. (2022) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia3030039 · Cited by 4
Hard-Right Social Media and Civil UnrestPreprint
Karell, D., Linke, A. M., Holland, E. C., & Hendrickson, E. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/pna5u · Cited by 4
Hybrid stakeholders and processes in social impact organizing: a constitutive approach to hybridity
Fu, J. S., & Cooper, K. R. (2025) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtaf027 · Cited by 3
‘Greening’ International Law en route to Agenda 2030: The Role of Youth in Enhancing the Soft Power of Climate Justice
Samuel, S. A. (2022) · Yearbook of International Environmental Law · doi:10.1093/yiel/yvad064 · Cited by 4
Consumers as regulators of global value chains’ conduct? A consumer-inclusive framework of change
Nachum, L., Manning, S. D., & Sen, S. (2025) · Journal of International Business Policy · doi:10.1057/s42214-025-00211-z · Cited by 5
“Our focus on consumers’ agency is based on sociological theories of governmentality (Faubion, 2000; Foucault, 2008) and social movements (Caren et al., 2020; McAdam, 2017).”
Populism and Protest
Hirschmann, N. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2020.619235 · Cited by 3
Digital mobilization via attention building: The logic of cross-boundary actions in the 2019 Hong Kong social movement
Fu, K. (2023) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2023.2185717 · Cited by 3
“2020), the technology has been found to be remarkably instrumental in the organization of collective actions (Caren, Andrews, and Lu 2020) and facilitation of the public’s participation via social network connectivity in decentralized, personalized, and digitally-mediated political actions across…”
Background
Macro-Level Effects of Political Participation
Andrews, K. T., Janko, E., & Vo, A. H.-N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198861126.013.45 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Deciphering the Socio-Ecological Determinants of Contemporary Collective Action in China: Insights from 2010–2016 Panel Data Analysis
Ma, Y., & Chen, H. (2024) · Human-Centric Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1007/s44230-024-00079-x · Cited by 2
“With the fundamental transformation in the ways of accessing information, organizers of collective actions have efficiently utilized social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook to disseminate information, organize activities, and promote their positions [29].”
Strategies of Legitimisation and De-legitimisation in Polarised Representations of Climate Activists in Swedish Media
Nilsson, B. (2025) · Media Watch · doi:10.1177/09760911251316578 · Cited by 2
“A tendency in news media is to represent climate activists negatively by focusing on the concrete effects of their protests (the spectacle of the protests), for example, traffic disruptions, and not on their aims (Bergman, 2014; Caren et al., 2020; Di Cicco, 2010).”
From risk to relational distance: Dis/connective identification in the Hong Kong digital diaspora
Chung, H.-F., Kei, N., Liu, J., & Chandra, P. (2026) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2026.2634840 · Cited by 2
“…platforms, data flows, and technical infrastructures interact within broader power dynamics, enabling new identifications, organizational forms, and every-day uses that bridge online and offline activity (Caren, Andrews, and Lu 2020; Chadwick 2013; Toivanen, Nelimarkka, and Valaskivi 2022).”
Social Media and Online Political Activism in Protest Communication Strategies: Friends or Foes?
Casero-Ripollés, A., & Pepe-Oliva, R. (2021) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5792-4_8 · Cited by 2
How to Analyze the Influence of Social Movements With QCA: Combinational Hypotheses, Venn Diagrams, and Movements Making Big News
Amenta, E., Caren, N., & Yuan, W. (2023) · Research in social movements, conflicts and change · doi:10.1108/s0163-786x20230000047009 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Antirasismer och antirasister. Realistiska utopier, spänningar och vardagserfarenheter
Krifors, K., Sältenberg, H., Mulinari, D., & Neergaard, A. (2024) · doi:10.60156/kriterium.59 · Cited by 3
Breaking the culture of silence: An analysis of traditional media versus alternative media coverage of a social tragedy in Guatemala
Ortiz, J. (2024) · The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries · doi:10.1002/isd2.12342 · Cited by 2
“The information systems (IS) literature has studied ICT's role in facilitating spaces for public discourse in established democratic societies (Caren et al., 2020; Miranda et al., 2016; Selander & Jarvenpaa, 2016; Vaast & Levina, 2015).”
Explaining Differential Involvement in Cross-Movement Coalitions on Social Media: the #StopHateForProfit Campaign
Li, Y., Bernard, J.-G., & Luczak–Roesch, M. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Social Computing · doi:10.1145/3689368 · Cited by 2
“For instance, while the Internet has transformed how movements operate, the legacy media (television, radio, reporters, and the news media) still matters for setting the agenda and rallying the public to a cause [ 30 , 31 ].”
De-normalizing Obstetric Violence in Italy: Digital Storytelling as Source of Information and Identification
Cersosimo, G., & Landolfi, L. (2024) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012241292261 · Cited by 2
“In fact, online platforms now play a fundamental role in protest dynamics and social mobilization (Caren et al., 2020).”
Social Movements in the Commercial Public Sphere: How Women’s Magazines Popularized Second-Wave Feminism
Polletta, F., Boka, D., Martínez, C., & Ogaki, M. (2024) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/734377 · Cited by 2
Mindfulness and green purchase behaviors: test of a serial mediation model
Guidice, R. M., Mesmer‐Magnus, J., Andrews, M. C., & Daniel, C. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2025.2459633 · Cited by 3
“Societal norms around sustainability have become increasingly prominent (Caren, Andrews, and Lu 2020) with the production of environmentally friendly products following suit.”
Analyzing the Overturn of Roe v. Wade: A Term Co-Occurrence Network Analysis of YouTube Comments
Bizri-Baryak, R., Ivanitskaya, L. V., Erzikova, E. V., & Kreps, G. L. (2025) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics12020049 · Cited by 2
“…the overturn of Roe, YouTube is significant not only as a platform widely used by U.S. residents and activists for disseminating information and messages via videos, but also as a critical arena for political education, dissecting reasons for polarization, and incubating cultural conflicts [41].”
Does Democracy Affect Income Distribution? Preliminary Evidence for OECD Countries
Zafirovski, M. Z. (2025) · Politics & Policy · doi:10.1111/polp.70029 · Cited by 3
AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT AND THE DYNAMICS OF ONLINE ACTIVISM: FAR-RIGHT MOBILIZATION ON FACEBOOK*
Davidson, T. (2024) · Mobilization An International Quarterly · doi:10.17813/1086-671x-22-4-445 · Cited by 2
TÜRKİYE’DE SOSYAL MEDYANIN GIDA AKTİVİZMİ AMAÇLI KULLANIMI: GIDADEDEKTİFİ ÖRNEĞİNİN İNCELEMESİ
Erkmen, Ö., & CAN, B. S. (2022) · Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yeni Düşünceler Hakemli E-Dergisi · doi:10.56118/euifydhed.1113269 · Cited by 1
The Impact of Social Movement on Racial Diversification Initiatives: Evidence From the Movie Industry
Lin, Y.-W., Yang, S., & Han, W. (2023) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2023.258 · Cited by 1
Analisis Keterlibatan Warga Digital melalui Media Sosial dalam Gerakan #ReformasiDikorupsi di Indonesia
Ramadhani, O. A., Azzahra, A. J., Siregar, A. A., & Ummah, A. (2024) · Jurnal ISO Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Politik dan Humaniora · doi:10.53697/iso.v4i2.2058 · Cited by 1
Political participation on social media: conceptual and empirical state of the art and research agenda
Waeterloos, C. (2025) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1093/anncom/wlae002 · Cited by 4
Producing the “We” in High-Risk Online Activism: Identity Configurations in My Stealthy Freedom
Ostovar, M., & Schultze, U. (2025) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2025/17121 · Cited by 1
From civil society to populism. Mapping a typology of political activism in Europe
Mikecz, D. (2026) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-026-09689-9 · Cited by 1
“Changes in the hybrid media environment have altered how entities of political activism, such as social movements, accumulate resources, nurture collective identities, and realize action (Caren et al., 2020 ).”
New organizational forms: Deconstructing and reconfiguring the literature
Bremer, C. (2026) · European Management Review · doi:10.1111/emre.70060 · Cited by 1
Coalitions Under Threat: Analyzing the 2019 Hong Kong Anti-Extradition Protests Using Telegram Social Media Data
Yuan, W. (2023) · Research in social movements, conflicts and change · doi:10.1108/s0163-786x20230000047011 · Cited by 1
The Contribution of Religion to Protest Mobilization on Digital Social Networks
Hadi, K. A., Bendahan, M., & Chemaou, S. (2024) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel15091035 · Cited by 2
Media and Social Movements
Rohlinger, D. A. (2022) · The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements · doi:10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm128.pub2 · Cited by 1
Digital Activism and Collective Resistance to Police Brutality: Systematic Review of the Quieter and Less Visible Narratives of #EndSARS ProtestPreprint
Etim, E., Fatile, J. O., Ibikunle, B. Q., Duke, J. E., & Duru, E. J. C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5191623 · Cited by 1
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS ORGANIZED BUILT ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS IN BRAZIL: A STUDY OF HOW TRADITIONAL MEDIA EMBRACED THESE NOVEL FORMS OF CONNECTION AND COMMUNITY
de‐Lima‐Santos, M., & Ceron, W. (2021) · AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research · doi:10.5210/spir.v2021i0.12162
De los movimientos sociales a las ecologías de acción política
Correa, G., Bidart, J. C., Grau, L., Gerber, M., & Luzardo, A. (2022) · Iztapalapa(en línea)/Iztapalapa · doi:10.28928/ri/942023/atc3/correamorerirag/chavez
Justicia social, datos, justicia de datos: breves notas en conversación con Emiliano Treré y Guiomar Rovira
Roig, A. (2023) · COMeIN · doi:10.7238/c.n130.2322
Newsmakers and news sources in the “hybrid media system” (the case of the full-scale Russian invasion coverage)
Стеблина, Н. О. (2023) · Current Issues of Mass Communication · doi:10.17721/cimc.2023.33.34-43
Activist Journalists and Postsocialist Politics Through the Lens of the Armenian Velvet Revolution
Korhonen, J., & Rodina, E. (2023) · Europe Asia Studies · doi:10.1080/09668136.2023.2228520
“This analysis also coincides with the suggestion made by Caren et al .”
Result
Estratégias transmídia e juventudes pelo clima: reflexos do movimento Fridays for Future no Brasil
Ribeiro, A. C. D. (2023) · doi:10.11606/d.27.2023.tde-01112023-155005
Munición de papel y tinta: La prensa del movimiento por la paz de Cataluña
Durban, E. C. (2024) · INDEX COMUNICACIÓN · doi:10.62008/ixc/14/01munici
Impression Management, “Optics” Maintenance, and Dramaturgical Loyalty Within White Supremacist Organizations
Drago, A. G. (2024) · Research in social movements, conflicts and change · doi:10.1108/s0163-786x20240000048003
From Antagonism to Fusion: Military and Industrial Society Fused in Militarist Capitalism
Zafirovski, M. Z. (2024) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.2024.2366278
How strong is the democratic defence of ‘defence spending?’ Consequence of military expenditure for democracy in OECD countries
Zafirovski, M. Z. (2024) · International Social Science Journal · doi:10.1111/issj.12530
Déjà vu all over again? A model and indexes of proto-fascism for Western and comparable societies
Zafirovski, M. Z. (2025) · Comparative European Politics · doi:10.1057/s41295-025-00408-9
The Democratic Decay Within
Kreiss, D., & Sugarman, A. (2025) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197794937.003.0004
Hybrid activism
Sackl-Sharif, S. (2025) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003527169-9
Economic inequality and political democracy reconsidered: trends, links and effects in 36 OECD countries, 2006–2017
Zafirovski, M. Z. (2025) · International Review of Sociology · doi:10.1080/03906701.2025.2550941 · Cited by 1
Look at ME, what do WE see? Drivers of online ESG sentiment
Costanza, F., Minà, A., Paternostro, S., & Torri, M. (2025) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-03-2024-0676
Responding to Social Disapproval in the Digital Panarchy: Evidence From Black Lives Matter Activists and Targeted OrganizationsPreprint
Tinguely, P. N., Shrestha, Y. R., & von Krogh, G. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5437278
Labor Disputes in Gig Economy: Evidence from the Online Delivery Platform in ChinaPreprint
Yuan, Y., Xiao, Y., Zhang, J., & Kong, D. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5761647
Track 0: Building a Parallel Ecosystem of Peace A Civic Operating System for Intractable ConflictPreprint
Cohen, J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6023275
Organizing privacy: cultural and structural constraints on activist use of privacy enhancing technologies
Kretschmer, K., LeClerc, A., & Borradaile, G. (2026) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2026.2616766
“…of attention to activists’ social media use, specifically on the ways activists use Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and WhatsApp (Agarwal et al., 2014; Caren et al., 2020; Fominaya & Gillan, 2019; Hutchinson, 2019; Özkula et al., 2020; Rohlinger & Klein, 2014; Sanfilippo & Strandburg, 2019; Strand &…”

Authors: Caren, N., Andrews, K. T., & Lu, T.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author: Caren, Neal
ORCID: Caren, Neal
Andrews, Kenneth T.
Lu, Todd
Venue: Annual Review of Sociology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2020-07-30
Volume: 46
Issue: 1
Pages: 443-465
ISSN: 0360-0572 (ISSN-L)
1545-2115
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054627
OpenAlex: W3021577149
Cited by: 108
References: 159
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1
FWCI: 4.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Sociology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Movements and Cultural Identity
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
Keywords: social movements, protest, new media, hybrid media environment, digital activism, mobilization, social movement participation, movement identity, online organizing, political communication

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Contemporary Social Movements in a Hybrid Media Environment

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks