Sexual orientation and mental health

Herek, Gregory M.; Garnets, Linda D.

doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091510

Cited by 559LGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyGender and Feminist StudiesPsychology and Mental Health

Sexual orientation and mental health

Herek, Gregory M., Garnets, Linda D.·2007·Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091510

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article provides an overview of current psychological research on mental health and sexual orientation, as well as clinical practice with sexual minorities. The historical context for current research questions and controversies is described, and the findings of recent empirical research on psychological well-being and distress among nonheterosexuals are summarized. The minority stress model is used to frame a discussion of stressors unique to sexual minorities and to consider their possible effects on psychological well-being. The possible ameliorative effects of adopting a sexual orientation identity are examined, followed by a discussion of how these ideas translate into contemporary clinical work with sexual minority clients. The review concludes with a brief discussion of priority areas for empirical research and clinical practice.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091510

Cites

95 of 95 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Many LGBTQ young people conceal or minimize their LGBTQ identity to prevent experiences of violence and rejection.
“In the face of hostile environments, many young people decide to conceal or minimize their LGBTQ identity to prevent experiences of violence and rejection [20].”
From Findings from a feasibility study of an adapted cognitive behavioral therapy group intervention to reduce depression among lgbtq (Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer) young people (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
Managing visibility and openness about one's sexual or gender identity requires considerable mental energy and vigilance, which may be burdensome for LGBTQ young people.
“This decision process requires considerable mental energy and vigilance, which may be burdensome for LGBTQ young people [20].”
From Findings from a feasibility study of an adapted cognitive behavioral therapy group intervention to reduce depression among lgbtq (Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer) young people (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
High rates of depressive symptoms among LGBTQ people are attributed to the social stigma and stress directed at this population.
“High rates of depressive symptoms among LGBTQ people are attributed to the social stigma and stress directed at this population [18,19,20,21].”
From Findings from a feasibility study of an adapted cognitive behavioral therapy group intervention to reduce depression among lgbtq (Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer) young people (2019) · cites this paper as [20]

Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence
Meyer, I. H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 · Cited by 14,736 · see citing works
Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development.
Masten, A. S. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227 · Cited by 8,497 · see citing works
An Organizing Framework for Collective Identity: Articulation and Significance of Multidimensionality.
Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K., & McLaughlin‐Volpe, T. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.80 · Cited by 1,906 · see citing works
Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in the United States
Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.11.1869 · Cited by 1,452 · see citing works
Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States.
Cochran, S. D., Sullivan, J. G., & Mays, V. M. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.53 · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
Beyond “Homophobia”: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century
Herek, G. M. (2004) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6 · Cited by 1,029 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adolescent Sexual Orientation and Suicide Risk: Evidence From a National Study
Russell, S. T., & Joyner, K. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.8.1276 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
The New Gay Teenager
Savin‐Williams, R. C. (2005) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674043138 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Being epileptic: coming to terms with stigma
Scambler, G., & Hopkins, A. P. (1986) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11346455 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Risk of psychiatric disorders among individuals reporting same-sex sexual partners in the National Comorbidity Survey
(2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.6.933 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Homosexuality: A psychoanalytic study.
Bieber, I., Dain, H. J., Dince, P. R., Drellich, M. G., Grand, H. G., Gundlach, R. H., Kremer, M. W., Rifkin, A. H., Wilbur, C. B., & Bieber, T. B. (1962) · Basic Books · doi:10.1037/11179-000 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
The relationship between suicide risk and sexual orientation: results of a population-based study.
Remafedi, G. J., French, S. A., Story, M., Resnick, M. D., & Blum, R. W. (1998) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.88.1.57 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual
Hooker, E. (1957) · Journal of Projective Techniques · doi:10.1080/08853126.1957.10380742 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
The impact of victimization on the mental health and suicidality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths.
Hershberger, S. L., & D'Augelli, A. R. (1995) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.65 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults.
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.945 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Self-citation
Triple Jeopardy and Beyond: Multiple Minority Stress and Resilience Among Black Lesbians
Bowleg, L., Huang, J. K., Brooks, K. D., Black, A., & Burkholder, G. J. (2003) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1300/j155v07n04_06 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Revisioning Sexual Minority Identity Formation
McCarn, S. R., & Fassinger, R. E. (1996) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000096243011 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation and Risk of Suicide Attempts Among a Representative Sample of Youth
Garofalo, R., Wolf, R., Wissow, L. S., Woods, E. R., & Goodman, E. (1999) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.5.487 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Same-Sex Sexual Behavior and Psychiatric Disorders
Sandfort, T. G. M., de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., & Schnabel, P. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.1.85 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Relation between Psychiatric Syndromes and Behaviorally Defined Sexual Orientation in a Sample of the US Population
Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010238 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Lifetime prevalence of suicide symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: results from NHANES III
Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.90.4.573 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men
Williamson, I. R. (2000) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/15.1.97 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Internalized Homophobia: Conceptual and Empirical Issues in Measurement
Shidlo, A. (1994) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483326757.n10 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Experiences of Harassment, Discrimination, and Physical Violence Among Young Gay and Bisexual Men
Huebner, D. M., Rebchook, G., & Kegeles, S. M. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.7.1200 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Minority Stress among Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals: A Consequence of Heterosexism, Homophobia, and Stigmatization
DiPlacido, J. (1998) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452243818.n7 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation, Health Risk Factors, and Physical Functioning in the Nurses' Health Study II
Case, P., Austin, S. B., Hunter, D. J., Manson, J. E., Malspeis, S., Willett, W. C., & Spiegelman, D. L. (2004) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2004.13.1033 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
The practice and ethics of sexual orientation conversion therapy.
Haldeman, D. C. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.2.221 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: A social science perspective.
Herek, G. M. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.6.607 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reports of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems among homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual respondents: results from the 2000 National Alcohol Survey.
Drabble, L. A., Midanik, L. T., & Trocki, K. F. (2005) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2005.66.111 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Positive Stigma: Examining Resilience and Empowerment in Overcoming Stigma
Shih, M. J. (2004) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716203260099 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Psychotherapeutic Implications of Internalized Homophobia in Gay Men
Malyon, A. K. (1982) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1300/j082v07n02_08 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients.
Morrow, S. L. (2000) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10339-000 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Distress and Depression in Men Who Have Sex With Men: The Urban Men’s Health Study
Mills, T. C., Paul, J. P., Stall, R. D., Pollack, L. M., Canchola, J. A., Chang, Y. J., Moskowitz, J. T., & Catania, J. A. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.278 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Can Some Gay Men and Lesbians Change Their Sexual Orientation? 200 Participants Reporting a Change from Homosexual to Heterosexual Orientation
Spitzer, R. L. (2003) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1025647527010 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
A model of predictors and outcomes of outness among lesbian and bisexual women.
Morris, J. F., Waldo, C. R., & Rothblum, E. D. (2001) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.71.1.61 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation and Suicidality
Herrell, R. K., Goldberg, J., True, W. R., Ramakrishnan, V., Lyons, M. J., Eisen, S. A., & Tsuang, M. T. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.867 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Coping with Group-Based Discrimination
Branscombe, N. R., & Ellemers, N. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012679130-3/50046-6 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The influence of dual‐identity development on the psychosocial functioning of African‐American gay and bisexual men
Crawford, I., Allison, K. W., Zamboni, B. D., & Soto, T. (2002) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490209552140 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Changing sexual orientation: A consumers' report.
Shidlo, A., & Schroeder, M. (2002) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.249 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Sexual orientation and mental health in a birth cohort of young adults
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Ridder, E. M., & Beautrais, A. L. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704004222 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation and Psychological Distress in Adolescence: Examining Interpersonal Stressors and Social Support Processes
Ueno, K. (2005) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250506800305 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Predicting self-esteem, well-being, and distress in a cohort of gay men: the importance of cultural stigma, personal visibility, community networks, and positive identity.
Frable, D. E. S., Wortman, C. B., & Joseph, J. G. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00328.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Alcohol and tobacco use patterns among heterosexually and homosexually experienced California women
Burgard, S. A., Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.07.007 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Mental Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Siblings: Effects of Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Family.
Balsam, K. F., Beauchaine, T. P., Mickey, R. M., & Rothblum, E. D. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.471 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Sexual stigma: putting sexual minority health issues in context
Herek, G. M., Chopp, R., & Strohl, D. (2007) · The Health of Sexual Minorities · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_8 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Coming Out for Lesbian Women
Jordan, K. M., & Deluty, R. H. (1998) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1300/j082v35n02_03 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Guidelines for psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients.
(2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.12.1440 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
A New Paradigm for Understanding Women's Sexuality and Sexual Orientation
Peplau, L. A., & Garnets, L. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00169 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citation
Estimates of alcohol use and clinical treatment needs among homosexually active men and women in the U.S. population.
Cochran, S. D., Keenan, C. K., Schober, C., et al. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.6.1062 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
An Empirical Analysis of Stressors for Gay Men and Lesbians
Lewis, R. J., Derlega, V. J., Berndt, A., Morris, L. M., & Rose, S. M. (2002) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1300/j082v42n01_04 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Issues in psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men: A survey of psychologists.
Garnets, L., Hancock, K. A., Cochran, S. D., et al. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.9.964 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citation
Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the Year 1974: Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives.
Conger, J. J. (1975) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0078455 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Sexual Minority Youth and Suicide Risk
Russell, S. T. (2003) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764202250667 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Stressor and Resilience Factors for Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals Confronting Antigay Politics
Russell, G. M., & Richards, J. A. (2003) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1023919022811 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Therapist sexual orientation, gender, and counseling practices as they relate to ratings on helpfulness by gay and lesbian clients.
Liddle, B. J. (1996) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.394 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation and Variation in Physical and Mental Health Status among Women
Diamant, A. L., & Wold, C. M. (2003) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/154099903321154130 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Postbereavement depressive mood and its prebereavement predictors in HIV+ and HIV– gay men.
Folkman, S., Chesney, M., Collette, L., Boccellari, A., & Cooke, M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.336 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Graduate Students' Training Experiences with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Issues
Phillips, J. C., & Fischer, A. R. (1998) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000098265002 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
AIDS Stigma and Sexual Prejudice
Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1999) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027649921954804 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Critical Examination of the Concept of Bisexuality
Radó, S. (1940) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-194010000-00007 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Sex, race/ethnicity, and romantic attractions: Multiple minority status adolescents and mental health.
Consolacion, T. B., Russell, S. T., & Sue, S. (2004) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.10.3.200 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Empirical Basis for the Demise of the Illness Model of Homosexuality
Gonsiorek, J. C. (1991) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483325422.n8 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Lesbians and Their Sisters as a Control Group: Demographic and Mental Health Factors
Rothblum, E. D., & Factor, R. J. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00311 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
A survey of clinical psychologists on treating lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients.
Murphy, J. A., Rawlings, E. I., & Howe, S. R. (2002) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.33.2.183 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Psychological consequences of AIDS-related bereavement among gay men.
Martin, J. L. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.856 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Ripple Effect of the Matthew Shepard Murder
Noelle, M. (2002) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764202046001004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Identity, Stigma Management, and Well-Being
Luhtanen, R. K. (2002) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1300/j155v07n01_06 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
What We Got Wrong About Sexual Identity Development: Unexpected Findings From a Longitudinal Study of Young Women.
Diamond, L. M. (2006) · Sexual orientation and mental health: Examining identity and development in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. · doi:10.1037/11261-004 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Gay Male Identities: Concepts and Issues
Gonsiorek, J. C. (1995) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082319.003.0002 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
When Sexual and Religious Orientation Collide:
Haldeman, D. C. (2004) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000004267560 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Affirmative Psychotherapy for Lesbian Women
Browning, C., Reynolds, A. L., & Dworkin, S. H. (1991) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000091192004 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A Dual-Identity Framework for Understanding Lesbian Experience
Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., & Ghavami, N. (2005) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00175.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy for Gay Men and Lesbians: A Scientific Examination
Haldeman, D. C. (1991) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483325422.n10 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Estimating Prevalence of Mental and Substance-Using Disorders Among Lesbians and Gay Men From Existing National Health Data.
Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11261-007 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Same-Gender Sex in the United States: Impact of T-Acasi on Prevalence Estimates
Villarroel, M. A. (2006) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfj023 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Internalized Homophobia in Lesbians
Szymanski, D. M., & Chung, Y. B. (2002) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1300/j155v07n01_08 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Homophobia, Poverty, and Racism: Triple Oppression and Mental Health Outcomes in Latino Gay Men.
Díaz, R. M., Bein, E., & Ayala, G. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11261-010 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Voted Out
Russell, G. M. (2000) · New York University Press eBooks · doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814776827.001.0001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
CLINICAL LANGUAGE REHABILITATION OF THE VETERAN METHODS AND RESULTS
Freud, E. D. (1951) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.107.12.881 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Social Threat, Personal Identity, and Physical Health in Closeted Gay Men.
Cole, S. W. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11261-012 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-Reported Sexual Identity, Sexual Behaviors and Health Risks
Scheer, S., Parks, C. A., McFarland, W., Page, K. A., Delgado, V., Ruiz, J. D., Molitor, F., & Klausner, J. D. (2002) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1300/j155v07n01_05 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Psychological and Medical Treatments of Homosexuality
Silverstein, C. (1991) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483325422.n7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Substance Use and Abuse and Mental Health Among Sexual-Minority Youths: Evidence From Add Health.
Russell, S. T. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11261-001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Constructionism and Morality in Therapy for Homosexuality
Davison, G. C. (1991) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483325422.n9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Implementing the resolution on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation: A guide for the perplexed.
Schneider, M. S., Brown, L. S., & Glassgold, J. M. (2002) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.265 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Impossible “Choices”:
Miville, M. L., & Ferguson, A. D. (2004) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000004267568 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation and Violent Victimization: Hate Crimes and Intimate Partner Violence among Gay and Bisexual Males in the United States
Herek, G. M., & Sims, C. (2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301533.003.0002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
5. Sexuality in the Lives of Aging Lesbian and Bisexual Women
Garnets, L., & Peplau, L. A. (2006) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/kimm13618-005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychoanalysis and the model of homosexuality as psychopathology: a historical overview.
Friedman, R. C., & Downey, J. I. (1998) · The American Journal of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1023/a:1022583223820 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Impossible Dreams, Impossible Choices, and Thoughts about Depolarizing the Debate
Morrow, S. L., Beckstead, A. L., Hayes, J. A., et al. (2004) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000004267564 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the legislative year 1997: Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives, August 14 and 17, Chicago, Illinois; and June, August and December 1997 meetings of the Board of Directors.
DeLeon, P. H. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.8.882 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Enhancing Therapeutic Effectiveness With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients
Eubanks, C. F. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpi001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self regard and concealment of homosexuality as predictors of CD4+ cell count over time among hiv seropositive gay men
Ullrich, P. M., Lutgendorf, S. K., Stapleton, J. T., et al. (2004) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440310001652704 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Therapeutic antidotes: Helping gay and bisexual men recover from conversion therapies
Haldeman, D. C. (2001) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2001.9962288 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Removing the stigma: Fifteen years of progress.
Morin, S. F., & Rothblum, E. D. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.46.9.947 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301069 · Cited by 2,674 · see citing works
How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016441 · Cited by 2,695 · see citing works
Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States
Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., & McCabe, S. E. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.152942 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Beyond sexual orientation: integrating gender/sex and diverse sexualities via sexual configurations theory
van Anders, S. M. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0490-8 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association Between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent Suicide Attempts
Raifman, J., Moscoe, E., Austin, S. B., & McConnell, M. (2017) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The relationship between minority stress and biological outcomes: a systematic review
Flentje, A., Heck, N. C., Brennan, J. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00120-6 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Psychosocial risk and protective factors for depression among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer youth: A systematic review
Hall, W. J. (2018) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2017.1317467 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Sexual orientation differences as deficits: Science and stigma in the history of American psychology
Herek, G. M. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610388770 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citation
Heterosexism, depression, and campus engagement among LGBTQ college students: Intersectional differences and opportunities for healing
Kulick, A., Wernick, L. J., Woodford, M. R., & Renn, K. (2017) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1242333 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Patterns of mental health care utilization among sexual orientation minority groups
Platt, L. F., Wolf, J. K., & Scheitle, C. P. (2018) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2017.1311552 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Anxiety and related disorders and concealment in sexual minority young adults
Cohen, J. M., Blasey, C., Barr Taylor, C., Weiss, B. J., & Newman, M. G. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.09.006 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
A framework for incorporating minority stress theory into treatment with sexual minority clients
Alessi, E. J. (2014) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2013.789811 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Integrating HIV and mental health interventions to address a global syndemic among men who have sex with men
Operario, D., Sun, S., Bermudez, A. N., Masa, R., Shangani, S., van der Elst, E., & Sanders, E. (2022) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(22)00076-5 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Hypersexuality and couple relationships in bipolar disorder: a review
Kopeykina, I., Kim, H.-J., Khatun, T., Boland, J., Haeri, S., Cohen, L. J., & Galynker, I. I. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.035 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Sex/gender differences in cognitive abilities
Kheloui, S., Jacmin-Park, S., Larocque, O., Kerr, P., Rossi, M., Cartier, L., & Juster, R.-P. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105333 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Sexual Orientation Complexity and Psychosocial/Health Outcomes
Lefevor, G. T., Park, S. Y., Acevedo, M. J., & Jones, P. J. (2022) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1815432 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Findings from a feasibility study of an adapted cognitive behavioral therapy group intervention to reduce depression among lgbtq (Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer) young people
Hall, W., Ruiz Rosado, B., & Chapman, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8070949 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In the face of hostile environments, many young people decide to conceal or minimize their LGBTQ identity to prevent experiences of violence and rejection [20].”
Background
Misclassification and Undersampling of Sexual Minorities in Population Surveys
Hottes, T. S., Ferlatte, O., & Gilbert, M. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302408 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Authors: Herek, G. M., & Garnets, L. D.
Affiliations: University of California, Davis (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Venue: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2007-04-01
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 353-375
ISSN: 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
1548-5951
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091510
OpenAlex: W2126148435
Cited by: 559
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 1.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: sexual orientation, mental health, sexual minorities, minority stress model, psychological well-being, psychological distress, sexual orientation identity
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Homosexuality, Humans, Mental Health, Minority Groups, Prejudice, Professional-Patient Relations, Psychotherapy, Sexual Behavior, Social Identification, Stress, Psychological

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Sexual orientation and mental health

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks