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Cited by 88Mosquito-borne diseases and controlViral Infections and VectorsVirology and Viral Diseases

Current understanding of the molecular basis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis and vaccine development

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Sharma, Anuj, Knollmann-Ritschel, Barbara·2019·Viruses
DOI 10.3390/v11020164PMC PMC6410161
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Abstract

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus in the family Togaviridae. VEEV is highly infectious in aerosol form and a known bio-warfare agent that can cause severe encephalitis in humans. Periodic outbreaks of VEEV occur predominantly in Central and South America. Increased interest in VEEV has resulted in a more thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. Inflammation plays a paradoxical role of antiviral response as well as development of lethal encephalitis through an interplay between the host and viral factors that dictate virus replication. VEEV has efficient replication machinery that adapts to overcome deleterious mutations in the viral genome or improve interactions with host factors. In the last few decades there has been ongoing development of various VEEV vaccine candidates addressing the shortcomings of the current investigational new drugs or approved vaccines. We review the current understanding of the molecular basis of VEEV pathogenesis and discuss various types of vaccine candidates.

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  • IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ are implicated in neurodegenerative processes.

    “which are implicated in neurodegenerative processes (Keck et al., 2018; Keck et al., 2018b; Sharma and Knollmann-Ritschel, 2019).”

    From Arbovirus infection increases the risk for the development of neurodegenerative disease pathology in the murine model (2024) · cites this paper as Sharma and Knollmann-Ritschel, 2019

    Section 6 (page unavailable) links IL-1β and TNF-α to inflammation in VEEV-infected brains and reports greater neuronal death with a more inflammatory VEEV strain. It does not implicate IL-10 or IFN-γ in neurodegenerative processes; Section 2 instead describes interferon as protective against VEEV infection. The evidence is also specific to VEEV-associated brain inflammation, rather than neurodegenerative processes generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Authors
Sharma, A., & Knollmann-Ritschel, B.
Affiliations
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
Corresponding author
Sharma, Anuj
ORCID
Venue
Viruses
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-02-18
Volume
11
Issue
2
Pages
164
ISSN
1999-4915 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/v11020164
PMC
PMC6410161
OpenAlex
W2914661061
Cited by
88
References
195
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 2
FWCI
1.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Viruses (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Vectors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
Keywords
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, alphavirus, Togaviridae, viral pathogenesis, encephalitis, host-virus interaction, viral replication, inflammation, vaccine development, vaccine candidate, airborne transmission
MeSH terms
Host Microbial Interactions, Animals, Clinical Trials as Topic, Disease Models, Animal, Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine, Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine, Horses, Humans, Inflammation, South America, Viral Vaccines, Virus Replication, Genome, Viral

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