The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
INDUCTION OF TH1 AND TH2 CD4+T CELL RESPONSES:The Alternative Approaches
Abstract
▪ Abstract T helper lymphocytes can be divided into two distinct subsets of effector cells based on their functional capabilities and the profile of cytokines they produce. The Th1 subset of CD4+T cells secretes cytokines usually associated with inflammation, such as IFN-γ and TNF and induces cell-mediated immune responses. The Th2 subset produces cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5 that help B cells to proliferate and differentiate and is associated with humoral-type immune responses. The selective differentiation of either subset is established during priming and can be significantly influenced by a variety of factors. One of these factors, the cytokine environment, has been put forward as the major variable influencing Th development and is already well reviewed by others. Instead, in the current review, we focus on some of the alternative approaches for skewing Th1/Th2 responses. Specifically, we discuss the effects on Th priming of (a) using altered peptide ligands as antigens, (b) varying the dose of antigen, and (c) altering costimulatory signals. The potential importance of each of these variables to influence immune responses to pathogens in vivo is discussed throughout.
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Cites
Lymphoproliferative Disorders with Early Lethality in Mice Deficient in Ctla-4
Waterhouse, P., Penninger, J. M., Timms, E., Wakeham, A., Shahinian, A., Lee, K. P., Thompson, C. B., Griesser, H., & Mak, T. W. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5238.985 · Cited by 2,766
CD28/B7 SYSTEM OF T CELL COSTIMULATION
Lenschow, D. J., Walunas, T. L., & Bluestone, J. A. (1996) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.233 · Cited by 2,717
IL‐4 directs the development of Th2‐like helper effectors
Swain, S. L., Weinberg, A. D., English, M., & Huston, G. (1990) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.145.11.3796 · Cited by 1,254
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Cited by
A Novel Transcription Factor, T-bet, Directs Th1 Lineage Commitment
Szabo, S. J., Kim, S. T., Costa, G. L., Zhang, X., Fathman, C. G., & Glimcher, L. H. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80702-3 · Cited by 3,589
Differentiation of Effector CD4 T Cell Populations
Zhu, J., Yamane, H., & Paul, W. E. (2010) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101212 · Cited by 3,452
CD40 AND CD154 IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Grewal, I. S., & Flavell, R. A. (1998) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.111 · Cited by 1,539
Multifunctional TH1 cells define a correlate of vaccine-mediated protection against Leishmania major
Darrah, P. A., Patel, D. T., De Luca, P. M., Lindsay, R. W. B., Davey, D. F., Flynn, B. J., Hoff, S. T., Andersen, P., Reed, S. G., Morris, S. L., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1592 · Cited by 1,378
Kay, A. B. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200101043440106 · Cited by 1,368
Metadata
- Authors
- Constant, S. L., & Bottomly, K.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1997-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 297-322
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- OpenAlex
- W2124116262
- Cited by
- 1,459
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 6.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: INDUCTION OF TH1 AND TH2 CD4+T CELL RESPONSES:The Alternative Approaches. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.297
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- Constant, S. L., & Bottomly, K. (1997). INDUCTION OF TH1 AND TH2 CD4+T CELL RESPONSES:The Alternative Approaches. Annual Review of Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.297
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
