The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Interleukin-21: Basic Biology and Implications for Cancer and Autoimmunity
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a potent immunomodulatory four-α-helical-bundle type I cytokine, is produced by NKT and CD4+ T cells and has pleiotropic effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. These actions include positive effects such as enhanced proliferation of lymphoid cells, increased cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Conversely, IL-21 also has direct inhibitory effects on the antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells and can be proapoptotic for B cells and NK cells. IL-21 is also produced by Th17 cells and is a critical regulator of Th17 development. The regulatory activity of IL-21 is modulated by the differentiation state of its target cells as well as by other cytokines or costimulatory molecules. IL-21 has potent antitumor activity but is also associated with the development of autoimmune disease. IL-21 transcription is dependent on a calcium signal and NFAT sites, and IL-21 requires Stat3 for its signaling. The key to harnessing the power of IL-21 will depend on better understanding its range of biological actions, its mechanism of action, and the molecular basis of regulation of expression of IL-21 and its receptor.
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A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17
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Transforming growth factor-β induces development of the TH17 lineage
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Self-citationIL-21 initiates an alternative pathway to induce proinflammatory TH17 cells
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IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
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Cited by
Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells (T FH )
Crotty, S. (2011) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101400 · Cited by 2,738
Nurieva, R. I., Chung, Y., Hwang, D., Yang, X. O., Kang, H. S., Ma, L., Wang, Y.-H., Watowich, S. S., Jetten, A. M., Tian, Q., et al. (2008) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.05.009 · Cited by 1,205
TH17 cells in development: an updated view of their molecular identity and genetic programming
Dong, C. (2008) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2295 · Cited by 1,064
How are TH2-type immune responses initiated and amplified?
Paul, W. E., & Zhu, J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2735 · Cited by 963
NR4A transcription factors limit CAR T cell function in solid tumours
Chen, J., López-Moyado, I. F., Seo, H., Lio, C.-W. J., Hempleman, L. J., Sekiya, T., Yoshimura, A., Scott-Browne, J. P., & Rao, A. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0985-x · Cited by 874
Metadata
- Authors
- Spolski, R., & Leonard, W. J.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2008-04-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 57-79
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- OpenAlex
- W2161132784
- Cited by
- 696
- References
- 90
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Spolski, R., & Leonard, W. J. (2008). Interleukin-21: Basic Biology and Implications for Cancer and Autoimmunity. Annual Review of Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090316
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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