Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells (T FH )
Abstract
T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (T FH ) cells are the specialized providers of B cell help. T FH cells depend on expression of the master regulator transcription factor Bcl6. Distinguishing features of T FH cells are the expression of CXCR5, PD-1, SAP (SH2D1A), IL-21, and ICOS, among other molecules, and the absence of Blimp-1 (prdm1). T FH cells are important for the formation of germinal centers. Once germinal centers are formed, T FH cells are needed to maintain them and to regulate germinal center B cell differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells. This review covers T FH differentiation, T FH functions, and human T FH cells, discussing recent progress and areas of uncertainty or disagreement in the literature, and it debates the developmental relationship between T FH cells and other CD4 T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, iTreg).
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Tfh cells are important for generating memory B cells, plasma cells, and antibodies, while Th1 cells help improve memory CD8+ T cell responses.
“CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have key roles in the development of memory B cells, plasma cells, and antibodies, whereas Th1 cells support and enhance the quality of memory CD8+ T cell responses (Crotty, 2011; Krawczyk et al., 2007; Luckheeram et al., 2012; Williams et al., 2006).”
From Rapid induction of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells is associated with coordinated humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination (2021) · cites this paper as Crotty, 2011
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- Authors
- Crotty, S.
- Affiliations
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crotty, Shane
- ORCID
- Crotty, Shane
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2011-04-23
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 621-663
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- OpenAlex
- W2134342374
- Cited by
- 2,738
- References
- 289
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 170 · 2021: 207 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 180 · 2018: 197 · 2017: 191 · 2016: 212 · 2015: 234 · 2014: 229 · 2013: 215 · 2012: 164
- FWCI
- 18.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- T follicular helper cells, B cell help, BCL6, CXCR5, PD-1, ICOS, IL-21, Blimp-1, germinal center, plasma cells, memory B cells, T cell differentiation, CD4+ T cell subsets, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells, regulatory T cells, immunological memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, B-Lymphocytes, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Humans, Lymphoid Tissue, Germinal Center
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