The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Operant Conditioning
Open accessAbstract
Operant behavior is behavior “controlled” by its consequences. In practice, operant conditioning is the study of reversible behavior maintained by reinforcement schedules. We review empirical studies and theoretical approaches to two large classes of operant behavior: interval timing and choice. We discuss cognitive versus behavioral approaches to timing, the “gap” experiment and its implications, proportional timing and Weber's law, temporal dynamics and linear waiting, and the problem of simple chain-interval schedules. We review the long history of research on operant choice: the matching law, its extensions and problems, concurrent chain schedules, and self-control. We point out how linear waiting may be involved in timing, choice, and reinforcement schedules generally. There are prospects for a unified approach to all these areas.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1914185 · Cited by 48,524
Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, B. F. (1957) · doi:10.1037/10627-000 · Cited by 4,894
Delay of gratification in children.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2658056 · Cited by 3,397
Herrnstein, R. J. (1970) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1970.13-243 · Cited by 2,611
RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE STRENGTH OF RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY OF REINFORCEMENT 1, 2
Herrnstein, R. J. (1961) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1961.4-267 · Cited by 2,281
Turner, R. M. (1978) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(78)90073-3 · Cited by 2,265
Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing.
Gibbon, J. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.84.3.279 · Cited by 2,221
Treisman, M. (1963) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0093864 · Cited by 1,474
ON TWO TYPES OF DEVIATION FROM THE MATCHING LAW: BIAS AND UNDERMATCHING 1
Baum, W. M. (1974) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-231 · Cited by 1,460
COMMITMENT, CHOICE AND SELF‐CONTROL1
Rachlin, H., & Green, L. (1972) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1972.17-15 · Cited by 1,204
Cited by
The effect of gamification on motivation and engagement
Alsawaier, R. S. (2018) · The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology · doi:10.1108/ijilt-02-2017-0009 · Cited by 887
Exposing the behavioral gambit: the evolution of learning and decision rules
Fawcett, T. W., Hamblin, S., & Giraldeau, L.-A. (2013) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/ars085 · Cited by 285
Digital Behaviour Change Interventions to Break and Form Habits
Pinder, C., Vermeulen, J., Cowan, B. R., & Beale, R. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3196830 · Cited by 235
Indeterminacy in brain and behavior
Glimcher, P. W. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141429 · Cited by 206
Representation and timing in theories of the dopamine system
Daw, N. D., Courville, A. C., & Touretzky, D. S. (2006) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1637 · Cited by 173
Metadata
- Authors
- Staddon, J. E. R., & Cerutti, D. T.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 115-144
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W4213325563
- Cited by
- 384
- References
- 89
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Operant Conditioning. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145124
- The paper
- Staddon, J. E. R., & Cerutti, D. T. (2003). Operant Conditioning. Annual Review of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145124
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.