The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Understanding Affirmative Action
Abstract
Affirmative action is a controversial and often poorly understood policy. It is also a policy that has been widely studied by social scientists. In this review, we outline how affirmative action operates in employment and education settings and consider the major points of controversy. In addition, we detail the contributions of psychologists and other social scientists in helping to demonstrate why affirmative action is needed; how it can have unintended negative consequences; and how affirmative action programs can be most successful. We also review how psychologists have examined variations in people's attitudes toward affirmative action, in part as a means for testing different theories of social behavior.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 · Cited by 4,904 · cited 1×
“Of course, people differ in their comfort with acknowledging problems with the current system (Jost et al. 2003).”
BackgroundLerner, M. J. (1980) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0448-5 · Cited by 2,656
The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations
Komaromy, M., Grumbach, K., Drake, M., Vranizan, K., Lurie, N., Keane, D., & Bindman, A. B. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199605163342006 · Cited by 915
Sackett, P. R., Schmitt, N., Ellingson, J. E., & Kabin, M. B. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.4.302 · Cited by 387
Williams, D. R., Jackson, J. S., Brown, T. N., Torres, M., Forman, T. A., & Brown, K. (1999) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/3097073 · Cited by 58
Cited by
Leslie, L. M., Mayer, D. M., & Kravitz, D. A. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0940 · Cited by 183
Smith, S. G., Nsiah-Kumi, P. A., Jones, P. R., & Pamies, R. J. (2009) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31030-0 · Cited by 157
Metadata
- Authors
- Crosby, F. J., Iyer, A., & Sincharoen, S.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2006-01-01
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 585-611
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2131707147
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 7.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Understanding Affirmative Action. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190029
- The paper
- Crosby, F. J., Iyer, A., & Sincharoen, S. (2006). Understanding Affirmative Action. Annual Review of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190029
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.