CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,503Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentBullying, Victimization, and AggressionEarly Childhood Education and Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 503 of the 506 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Social Withdrawal in Childhood

Open access
Rubin, Kenneth H., Coplan, Robert J., Bowker, Julie C.·2009·Annual Review of Psychology
DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642PMC PMC3800115
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Socially withdrawn children frequently refrain from social activities in the presence of peers. The lack of social interaction in childhood may result from a variety of causes, including social fear and anxiety or a preference for solitude. From early childhood through to adolescence, socially withdrawn children are concurrently and predictively at risk for a wide range of negative adjustment outcomes, including socio-emotional difficulties (e.g., anxiety, low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and internalizing problems), peer difficulties (e.g., rejection, victimization, poor friendship quality), and school difficulties (e.g., poor-quality teacher-child relationships, academic difficulties, school avoidance). The goals of the current review are to (a) provide some definitional, theoretical, and methodological clarity to the complex array of terms and constructs previously employed in the study of social withdrawal; (b) examine the predictors, correlates, and consequences of child and early-adolescent social withdrawal; and (c) present a developmental framework describing pathways to and from social withdrawal in childhood.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642

Cites

503 of 503 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Items 201–400 of 503

Research works printed but not linked: 22

  1. Achenbach TM, 1982, Developmental Psychopathology
  2. 10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.815 · DOI
  3. Block JH, 1980, Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology, 13, 39
  4. Bowker JC, Rubin KH, Rose-Krasnor L, Booth-LaForce C. 2008. Social withdrawal, negative emotion, and peer difficulties during late childhood. Manuscr. under review
  5. 10.1037/0012-1649.34.4.677 · DOI
  6. Crozier R, 2005, Essentials of Social Anxiety for Clinicians
  7. Daly JA, 1980, Communication Yearbook IV, 515
  8. Hymel S, 1990, Child Dev., 61, 2004
  9. Lemerise EA, 1997, Merrill-Palmer Q., 43, 199
  10. McClure E, 2006, Developmental Psychopathology: Vol. 3: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation, 470
  11. Nelson LJ, 2005, Early Educ. Dev., 20, 185
  12. Parker JG, 2006, Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 2: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation, 419
  13. Rapee R, 2001, International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness, 505
  14. Rezendes M, 1993, Social Withdrawal, Inhibition, and Shyness, 177
  15. Rubin KH, 1993, Social Withdrawal, Inhibition, Shyness in Childhood, 291
  16. Rubin KH, 2001, The Play Observation Scale (POS)
  17. Rubin KH, 1993, Social Withdrawal, Inhibition and Shyness in Childhood
  18. Rubin KH, 1993, Merrill-Palmer Q., 39, 518
  19. Rubin KH, 2006, Parental Beliefs, Parenting, and Child Development in Cross-Cultural Perspective, 81
  20. Sadker M, 1994, Failing at Fairness: How Americans' Schools Cheat Girls
  21. World Health Org, 1993, The ICD Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research
  22. World Health Org, 1994, Pocket Guide to the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 1,503

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C.
Affiliations
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
  • Carleton University (CA)
  • University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
ORCID
Venue
Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2009-01-01
Volume
60
Issue
1
Pages
141-171
ISSN
  • 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-2085
DOI
10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642
PMC
PMC3800115
OpenAlex
W2112601421
Cited by
1,503
References
506
Citations by year
2026: 90 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 58
FWCI
6.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH058116)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
  • Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords
social withdrawal, social anxiety, peer rejection, victimization, social-emotional problems, internalizing problems, self-esteem, school problems, teacher-child relationship, academic difficulties, school refusal, developmental pathways, early adolescence, friendship quality
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Affective Symptoms, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Learning Disabilities, Object Attachment, Peer Group, Phobic Disorders, Rejection, Psychology, Risk Factors, Shyness, Social Adjustment, Social Behavior, Socialization, Temperament, Parenting, Crime Victims

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review