The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Health and Unemployment
Abstract
This paper reviews the relationship between health and inadequate employment, especially unemployment. Poor physical or mental health can lead, via poor work performance, to job loss; however, studies that control for such selection effects are still scarce except for a few health outcomes. For example, aggregate-level studies typically find a positive association between unemployment and suicide rates over time. At the individual level of analysis, panel surveys of laid-off workers tend to find increased psychiatric problems such as depression and substance abuse. Few studies have evaluated interventions to prevent or reduce the adverse health effects of job loss. There have been even fewer studies of the health effects of other types of inadequate employment such as the increasingly prevalent forms of underemployment.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The negative health effects of under- and unemployment, or insufficient employment, are well known,2 including increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, and higher rates of mental health hospitalization, pain, alcohol abuse, and suicide.3–6”
From Feasibility and Acceptability of a Community-Based Modified Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program for the Under- and Unemployed (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Although depression is known to be associated with unemployment, most research on this association has emphasized the impact of job loss on depression rather than depression as a risk factor for job loss.33 A recent analysis from the WMH surveys documented the latter association by showing that history of mental disorders as of the age of completing schooling predicted current (at the time of”
From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [33]
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 573
The weight of time and the unemployment experience: Daily life and future prospects
do Carmo, R. M., & d’Avelar, M. M. (2021) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392120986222 · Cited by 9
Labour market, work environment and suicide
Mäkinen, I. H. (2009) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198570059.003.0032 · Cited by 8
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.024 · Cited by 11
Wang, S. X., & Sakamoto, A. (2016) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci5030049 · Cited by 9
Honest Labor Bears a Lovely Face
Voss, M. W., Birmingham, W. C., Wadsworth, L. L., Chen, W., Bounsanga, J., Gu, Y., & Hung, M. (2016) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000933 · Cited by 9
Virgolino, A., Heitor, M. J., Carreiras, J., Lopes, E., Øverland, S. N., Torp, S., Guðmundsdóttir, D. G., Miguel, J. P., Reis, M. F., & Santos, O. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1416-x · Cited by 9
Han, W., & Redlich, A. D. (2017) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854817739045 · Cited by 9
Ring, P. S., & de Ven, A. H. V. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0733-558x20190000064004 · Cited by 9
Rosenfield, S., Kato, K., & Smith, D. T. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.017 · Cited by 9
Settling Down: Psychological Depression and Underemployment
Dooley, D., & Prause, J. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499562.008 · Cited by 9
Self-citationThe Emotional Timeline of Unemployment: Anticipation, Reaction, and Adaptation
von Scheve, C., Esche, F., & Schupp, J. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9773-6 · Cited by 80
Balogh, R., Moortel, D. D., Gadeyne, S., Vanderleyden, J., Warhurst, C., & Vanroelen, C. (2024) · International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services · doi:10.1177/27551938241288788 · Cited by 9
The Role of County-Level Persistent Poverty in Stroke Mortality in the USA
Kabangu, J.-L. K., Newsome-Cuby, T., Hernandez, A., Joseph, B., Dugan, J. E., Fowler, D., Bah, M. G., Fry, L., & Eden, S. V. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-01981-7 · Cited by 8
Moreno‐Giménez, J. C., Jiménez-Puya, R. J., & Galán‐Gutiérrez, M. (2010) · Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas · doi:10.1016/s0001-7310(10)70010-7 · Cited by 8
Health Effects Associated with Foreclosure: A Secondary Analysis of Hospital Discharge Data
Menzel, N. N., Moonie, S. A., & Thompson-Robinson, M. V. (2011) · ISRN Public Health · doi:10.5402/2012/740731 · Cited by 8
Çivilidağ, A. (2019) · Mediterranean Journal of Humanities · doi:10.13114/mjh.2019.485 · Cited by 10
Horwitz, A. V. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.004 · Cited by 8
Keith, V. M., & Brown, D. R. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.019 · Cited by 9
Eqüidade em áreas sócio-econômicas com impacto na saúde em países da União Européia
Giraldes, M. D. R. (2001) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2001000300009 · Cited by 8
Well-Being across the Life Course
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.021 · Cited by 8
Stapleton, D. C., Goodman, N. J., & Houtenville, A. J. (2003) · doi:10.17848/9780585473666.ch4 · Cited by 8
Job Loss: Eat, drink and try to be merry?
Deb, P., Gallo, W. T., Ayyagari, P., Fletcher, J. M., & Sindelar, J. L. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15122 · Cited by 8
Rosholm, M., & Andersen, H. L. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1672026 · Cited by 8
Lowenstein, C. (2024) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101374 · Cited by 8
Strijbos, D. O., van der Sluis, G., van Houtert, W. F. C., Straat, A. C., van Zaanen, Y., Kooijman, C. M., van den Brand, I. C. J. B., de Groot, S. E., Reneman, M. F., Boymans, T. A. E. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-025-10331-1 · Cited by 7
Kim, M., Yun, B., Sim, J., Cho, A., Oh, J., Kim, J., Nambunmee, K., Rozek, L. S., & Yoon, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1056768 · Cited by 7
OECD ÜLKELERİNDE SAĞLIĞIN SOSYAL BELİRLEYİCİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ
Akdemirel, E. (2024) · Hacettepe sağlık idaresi dergisi · doi:10.61859/hacettepesid.1347335 · Cited by 7
Predicting Labor-Force Participation Among Work-Able Public Housing Residents
Jaramillo, A., Rohe, W. M., & Webb, M. D. (2020) · Housing Policy Debate · doi:10.1080/10511482.2020.1808041 · Cited by 7
Singh, G. K., Lee, H., & Azuine, R. E. (2021) · International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health · doi:10.21106/ijtmrph.351 · Cited by 8
Testa, A. M., & Gimeno, D. (2023) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-02869-4 · Cited by 7
The Role of Unemployment in the Run of Life Chances in Hungary
Uzzoli, A. (2010) · International Journal of Population Research · doi:10.1155/2011/130318 · Cited by 7
Employment Outcomes in Persons With Diabetes
Rak, E. C. (2013) · Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0034355213500816 · Cited by 7
Pıçakçıefe, M., Mutlu, D., & Kocaturk, E. (2015) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2015.1093997 · Cited by 7
The Impact of a Lasting Economic Crisis on Employee Attitudes: A Follow-up and Extension
Markovits, Y., Boer, D., Gerbers, S., & van Dick, R. (2017) · Athens Journal of Business & Economics · doi:10.30958/ajbe.3.2.1 · Cited by 7
Defining Mental Disorders: Sociological Investigations into the Classification of Mental Disorders
Whooley, O. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.006 · Cited by 7
Post-migration employment changes and health: A dyadic spousal analysis
Ro, A. E., & Goldberg, R. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.002 · Cited by 7
MENTAL HEALTH AND EMPLOYMENT TRANSITIONS
Gresenz, C. R., & Sturm, R. (2004) · Research in human capital and development · doi:10.1016/s0194-3960(04)15006-3 · Cited by 7
Granados, J. A. T. (2007) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1157/13100564 · Cited by 7
Wang, Z., Zhao, Q., & Ji, Y. (2024) · Land · doi:10.3390/land13060837 · Cited by 7
Amin, N. G., Khosravi, S., Atefi, N., Seirafianpour, F., Farhoodi, S., & Goodarzi, A. (2023) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.1063 · Cited by 6
Brand, J. E., & Burgard, S. A. (2007) · Cited by 6
Mirmiran, P., Asghari, G., Farhadnejad, H., Alamdari, S., Dizavi, A., & Azizi, F. (2016) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2015.0125 · Cited by 6
The Influence of Social Welfare Policies on Health Disparities Across the Life Course
Herd, P. (2015) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20880-0_29 · Cited by 6
Anxiety and depression in Turkish breast cancer patients.
Turhal, N. S., Dane, F., Sınav, H. O., Yalçın, N., Khorshidi, Z., & Zeynep-Yalcin, Z. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 6
The effect of labor market shocks on health: The case of the Russian transition
Lazareva, O. (2019) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2019.100823 · Cited by 6
How do we manage patients who become unemployed?
Harris, M., Harris, E., & Shortus, T. D. (2010) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03429.x · Cited by 6
The Measurement of Mental Disorder
Wakefield, J. C., & Schmitz, M. F. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.005 · Cited by 7
Learning to live with Health Economics
Zöllner, H., Stoddart, G. L., & Smith, C. S. (2003) · Cited by 6
Effects of Unemployment on Health and Mental Health Based on Gender
Holland, K. (2012) · UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota) · Cited by 6
Relations entre formes particulières d’emploi, vulnérabilité sociale et santé
Labbe, E., Moulin, J. J., Sass, C., Chatain, C., & Gerbaud, L. (2007) · Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail/Archives des maladies professionnelles et de l'environnement · doi:10.1016/s1775-8785(07)73885-7 · Cited by 6
Job Insecurity and Health in the United States
Burgard, S. A., Brand, J. E., & House, J. S. (2006) · Cited by 6
The Links Between Labour-Market Experiences and Health: Towards a Research FrameworkPreprint
Lavis, J. N. (1998) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 6
Giraldo, M., Sanchez-Barrios, L. J., Rayburn, S. W., & Sierra, J. J. (2024) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-04-2024-0152 · Cited by 5
Blaauw, D., Pretorius, A., Schenck, R., & Matthee, M. (2022) · International Social Science Journal · doi:10.1111/issj.12321 · Cited by 6
Health Status After Job Loss: Does the Reason for Job Change Matter?
Voss, M., & Chen, J. (2015) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000558 · Cited by 6
Depresión y Ansiedad en una Muestra de Individuos Mexicanos Desempleados
Rodríguez, F. A., Martínez, M. R., & Rull, M. A. P. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Health & Social Issues · doi:10.22201/fesi.20070780.2011.3.1.27682 · Cited by 5
A Review of the Recent Trends in the Relationship between Unemployment and Families
Choudhury, M. R. (2017) · Michigan Family Review · doi:10.3998/mfr.4919087.0020.103 · Cited by 5
¿Cómo influye la situación laboral en los efectos de la inseguridad residencial sobre la salud?
Reyes, A., Vásquez-Vera, H., Novoa, A. M., González-Marín, P., Puig‐Barrachina, V., & Borrell, C. (2019) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.07.007 · Cited by 5
Impact of economic cycles on mortality: the Australian context
Khemka, G., & Roberts, S. (2015) · Journal of Population Research · doi:10.1007/s12546-015-9146-8 · Cited by 5
Environmental Justice and Work
Sokas, R. K. (2008) · Environmental Justice · doi:10.1089/env.2008.0539 · Cited by 5
Populations at Special Health Risk: Workers
Muntaner, C., Shahidi, F. V., Kim, I., Chung, H., & Benach, J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00351-9 · Cited by 5
The Disposable American: Layoffs and Their Consequences ‐ by Louis Uchitelle
Sharone, O. (2007) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2007.00203.x · Cited by 5
Arbetslöshet och psykisk ohälsa 1980-1996 - en meta-analys
Hallsten, L. (1997) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 5
Non-Standard Employment and Health With Respect to Sense of Coherence and Social Capital
Liukkonen, V. (2012) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 5
Sokas, R. K., & Sprince, N. L. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00273-2 · Cited by 5
Contextual variation in the effect of unemployment on subjective wellbeing in the United States
Torche, F., & Daviss, C. (2024) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103126 · Cited by 5
Thirty Years After the Berlin Wall
Heller, A., & Schmidt, P. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003427469 · Cited by 6
The Social Costs of Unemployment
Dooley, D., & Prause, J. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499562.003 · Cited by 4
Self-citationA European Analysis of Subsistence Precarization and Precarious Risk
Solheim, E. F., & Leiulfsrud, H. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137509352_4 · Cited by 4
Luo, J., Lee, A. J., Cohen, D. E., Colson, C., & Brunelli, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s40620-018-0478-2 · Cited by 4
Fear after being fired: the moderating role of resilience in lessening the time between employment
Scrimpshire, A. J., & Lensges, M. L. (2021) · Person-centered review · doi:10.1108/pr-12-2020-0860 · Cited by 4
Human Resource Management and Mental Health-A Psychosocial aspect
(2021) · Lincoln Research and Publications Limited, Australia in Collaboration with Lincoln University College, Malaysia eBooks · doi:10.46977/book.2021.hrmmh · Cited by 3
Economic Antecedents of the Swedish Sex Ratio
Catalano, R. A., & Bruckner, T. A. (2011) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-94345-9_6 · Cited by 4
Gauthier, A. P., Young, N. L., Snelling, S. J., Sears, E., & Burke, T. A. (2010) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-010-9085-z · Cited by 4
Ngueyep, R., & Serban, N. (2017) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxx043 · Cited by 4
How Are Unemployed Individuals with Obesity Affected by an Economic Crisis?
Antelo, M., Magdalena, P., Reboredo, J. C., & Reyes-Santías, F. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12062262 · Cited by 4
Williams, D. R., Costa, M., & Leavell, J. P. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.018 · Cited by 4
Türkiye’de İşsizliğin Ekstra Maliyeti ve İşsizlik Ödeneklerinin Maddi Yoksunluk Üzerine Etkisi
Özdamar, Ö., Kılınç, Z. S., & Gıovanıs, E. (2021) · İzmir İktisat Dergisi · doi:10.24988/ije.202136303 · Cited by 4
Work and Unemployment as Stressors
Limonic, L., & Lennon, M. C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.015 · Cited by 4
Johnson, R. J., Hobfoll, S. E., & Beulaygue, I. C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.022 · Cited by 5
Bishai, D. M., & Kung, Y.-T. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70812-6_8 · Cited by 4
Apoyo social como moderador del estrés en la salud de los desempleados
Guarino, L. R., & Sojo, V. E. (2011) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy10-3.asme · Cited by 4
Settels, J. (2020) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869319895568 · Cited by 4
Economic distress and health: A fixed effects analysis of low‐income persons in Singapore
Ng, I. Y. H., & Tan, J. Q. (2020) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.12426 · Cited by 5
Allmendinger, J., Ludwig‐Mayerhofer, W., & Spitznagel, E. (2012) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-94160-8_6 · Cited by 4
Cultural Diversity and Mental Health Treatment
Woo, B., Walton, E. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.029 · Cited by 4
Response to Michael Gentile ‘Mass Privatisation, Unemployment and Mortality’
Stückler, D., KING, L. P., & McKee, M. (2012) · Europe Asia Studies · doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.691657 · Cited by 4
Health as a rich people’s game through the lens of work and income
Han, W.-J., Scott, M. A., & Tang, N. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23320-z · Cited by 2
Sociological Approaches to Mental Illness
Thoits, P. A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.010 · Cited by 3
Zou, L., Jiang, X., Liu, H., Chen, B., Jiang, J., Ma, T., Fang, G., Guo, D., Xu, X., Fu, W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Endovascular Therapy · doi:10.1177/15266028231197133 · Cited by 3
Assisting ex-offenders in employment: the experience of Hong Kong
Lo, S. C.-F. (2014) · China Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/17525098.2014.882790 · Cited by 4
Small, S. P., de Boer, C., & Swab, M. (2015) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2493 · Cited by 3
What Outcomes Should the Study of Mental Health Try to Explain?
Schnittker, J. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.008 · Cited by 3
Investigation of the Effects of Economic Indicators on Child Mortality: Panel Data Analysis
ŞENOL, O., Cansever, İ. H., & GÖKKAYA, D. (2022) · Journal of International Health Sciences and Management · doi:10.48121/jihsam.940188 · Cited by 3
Late-Career Employment Trajectories and Postretirement Mortality: Evidence From Italy
Scotti, B. (2022) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-10291269 · Cited by 3
Voss, M. W., Hung, M., Li, W., Richards, L. G., Price, P., Terrill, A. L., & Barrett, T. S. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003137 · Cited by 3
Björklund, O., Häggström, E., & Nyström, L. (2015) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988315604020 · Cited by 3
Psychological distress in Ghana: Are unemployed people more afflicted?
Sulemana, I., Doabil, L., & Anarfo, E. B. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105319883911 · Cited by 3
Marital Status and Mental Health
Williams, K., Frech, A., & Carlson, D. L. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.020 · Cited by 3
Empowerment, Learning and Social Action during Unemployment
Levi, L. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47181-7_7 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dooley, D., Fielding, J., & Levi, L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Public Health
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1996-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 449-465
- ISSN
- 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2093
- OpenAlex
- W2003764353
- Cited by
- 576
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 11.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- unemployment, health, job loss, underemployment, mental health, depression, substance abuse, suicide, laid-off workers, selection effects, employee performance, health interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Mental Disorders, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Research Design, Risk Factors, Suicide, Unemployment, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review