Deep Learning Prediction of Ovarian Malignancy at US Compared with O-RADS and Expert Assessment
Abstract
Background Deep learning (DL) algorithms could improve the classification of ovarian tumors assessed with multimodal US. Purpose To develop DL algorithms for the automated classification of benign versus malignant ovarian tumors assessed with US and to compare algorithm performance to Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS) and subjective expert assessment for malignancy. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included consecutive women with ovarian tumors undergoing gray scale and color Doppler US from January 2019 to November 2019. Histopathologic analysis was the reference standard. The data set was divided into training (70%), validation (10%), and test (20%) sets. Algorithms modified from residual network (ResNet) with two fusion strategies (feature fusion [hereafter, DLfeature] or decision fusion [hereafter, DLdecision]) were developed. DL prediction of malignancy was compared with O-RADS risk categorization and expert assessment by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis in the test set. Results A total of 422 women (mean age, 46.4 years ± 14.8 [SD]) with 304 benign and 118 malignant tumors were included; there were 337 women in the training and validation data set and 85 women in the test data set. DLfeature had an AUC of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.97) for classifying malignant from benign ovarian tumors, comparable with O-RADS (AUC, 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.97; P = .88) and expert assessment (AUC, 0.97; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.99; P = .07), and similar to DLdecision (AUC, 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.96; P = .29). DLdecision, DLfeature, O-RADS, and expert assessment achieved sensitivities of 92%, 92%, 92%, and 96%, respectively, and specificities of 80%, 85%, 89%, and 87%, respectively, for malignancy. Conclusion Deep learning algorithms developed by using multimodal US images may distinguish malignant from benign ovarian tumors with diagnostic performance comparable to expert subjective and Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System assessment. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Three studies assessed the performance of automated tumor classification.
“Three studies assessed the performance of automated tumor classification [184,191,192]”
Homogeneity of data due to a single examiner or single center study was a frequent limitation.
“Frequent described limitations of studies on AI applications in US imaging were homogeneity of data due to a single examiner or single center study [188,192]”
Absent external validation was a frequent limitation.
“absent external validation [192,193]”
Studies with smaller sample sizes showed a level of performance reaching those of human experts.
“there were also studies with smaller sample sizes that showed a level of performance reaching those of human experts [188,191,192].”
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- Authors
- Chen, H., Yang, B.-W., Qian, L., Meng, Y.-S., Bai, X.-H., Hong, X.-W., He, X., Jiang, M.-J., Yuan, F., Du, Q.-W., & Feng, W.-W.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.C., B.W.Y., L.Q., X.H., M.J.J., Q.W.D., W.W.F.) and Department of Pathology (F.Y.), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200025, China; and Philips Research Asia Shanghai, Shanghai, China (Y.S.M., X.H.B., X.W.H.).
- ORCID
- Venue
- Radiology
- Published
- 2022-07
- Volume
- 304
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 106-113
- ISSN
- 0033-8419 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4223544627
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 7.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Radiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (20Y11914000)
- Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (20ZR1433700)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82172601)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in cancer detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment
- Keywords
- deep learning, ovarian cancer, ovarian neoplasms, benign versus malignant differentiation, O-RADS, ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasound, ResNet, feature fusion, decision fusion, multimodal imaging, histopathological confirmation, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, risk stratification, adnexal lesions, ovarian cysts, ovarian teratoma, endometrioma
- MeSH terms
- Deep Learning, Algorithms, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Ovarian Neoplasms, Retrospective Studies, ROC Curve
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