Cited by 328Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosisInfectious Diseases and TuberculosisTuberculosis Research and Epidemiology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Findings

Rodriguez-Takeuchi, Sara Yukie, Renjifo, Martin Eduardo, Medina, Francisco José·2019·Radiographics

DOI 10.1148/rg.2019190109

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) represents approximately 15% of all TB infections. It is difficult to diagnose on the basis of imaging characteristics and clinical symptoms, and biopsy is required in many cases. Radiologists must be aware of the imaging findings of extrapulmonary TB to identify the condition in high-risk patients, even in the absence of active pulmonary infection. In extrapulmonary TB, the lymphatic system is most frequently affected. The presence of necrotic lymph nodes and other organ-specific imaging features increases the diagnostic probability of extrapulmonary TB. Disseminated infection and central nervous system involvement are the most frequent manifestations in immunosuppressed patients. Renal disease can occur in immunocompetent patients with very long latency periods between the primary pulmonary infection and genitourinary involvement. In several cases, gastrointestinal, solid-organ, and peritoneal TB show nonspecific imaging findings. Tuberculous spondylitis is the most frequent musculoskeletal manifestation. It is usually diagnosed late and affects multiple vertebral segments with extensive paraspinal abscess. Articular disease is the second most frequent musculoskeletal manifestation, and synovitis is its predominant imaging finding. ©RSNA, 2019

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1148/rg.2019190109

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Global tuberculosis report (2014)
Gabbasova, L. A., & Who, E. R. E. (2014) · Cited by 12,702
Spinal tuberculosis: A review
Garg, R. K., & Somvanshi, D. S. (2011) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1179/2045772311y.0000000023 · Cited by 818
Epidemiology of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in the United States, 1993–2006
Peto, H. M., Pratt, R. H., Harrington, T. A., LoBue, P. A., & Armstrong, L. R. (2009) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/605559 · Cited by 741
Tuberculosis: A Radiologic Review
Burrill, J., Williams, C. J., Bain, G., Conder, G., Hine, A. L., & Misra, R. R. (2007) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/rg.275065176 · Cited by 605
Tuberculosis of the central nervous system: overview of neuroradiological findings
Bernaerts, A., Vanhoenacker, F. M. H. M., Parizel, P. M., Goethem, J. W. V., van Altena, R., Laridon, A. M., Roeck, J. D., Coeman, V., & de Schepper, A. M. (2002) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-002-1608-7 · Cited by 421
Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Role of Radiology in Diagnosis and Management
Nachiappan, A. C., Rahbar, K., Xiao Hua, S. H. I., Guy, E., Barbosa, E. J. M., Shroff, G. S., Ocazionez, D., Schlesinger, A. E., Katz, S. I., & Hammer, M. M. (2017) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/rg.2017160032 · Cited by 363
Spinal Tuberculosis: Current Concepts
Rajasekaran, S., Soundararajan, D. C. R., Shetty, A. P., & Kanna, R. M. (2018) · Global Spine Journal · doi:10.1177/2192568218769053 · Cited by 347
Imaging of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Engin, G., Acunaş, B., Acunaş, G., & Tunacı, M. (2000) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.2.g00mc07471 · Cited by 306
Discrimination of Tuberculous Spondylitis from Pyogenic Spondylitis on MRI
Jung, N. Y., Jee, W.-H., Ha, K.-Y., Park, C.-K., & Byun, J.-Y. (2004) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.182.6.1821405 · Cited by 261
Imaging Spectrum of CNS Vasculitis
Razek, A. A. K. A., Alvarez, H., Bagg, S., Refaat, S., & Castillo, M. (2014) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/rg.344135028 · Cited by 237

Show all 44 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

World Health Organization, 2018, Global tuberculosis report
Ahuja A, 2001, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 22, 735
Whiteman M, 1995, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 16, 1319
Lakmichi MA, 2011, Rev Urol, 13, 176
Grace GA, 2017, Indian J Med Res, 145, 425

Items 101–200 of 327

Crucial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings of fallopian tubal tuberculosis for diagnosis: a retrospective study of 26 cases
Liang, Z., Zou, K., Lin, T.-L., Dong, J.-K., Huang, M.-Q., Zhou, S., Cai, P., Zhang, L., & Li, L.-J. (2024) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-23-775 · Cited by 4
“TB typically presents as a pulmonary infection; however, it can also manifest in extrapulmonary forms affecting other parts of the body (1,4).”
Background
Lipid biomarker-based verification of TB infection in mother’s and daughter’s mummified human remains (Vác Mummy Collection, 18th century, CE, Hungary)
Váradi, O. A., Szikossy, I., Spekker, O., Rakk, D., Terhes, G., Urbán, E. Z., Berthon, W., Pap, I., Maixner, F., Zink, A., et al. (2021) · Acta Biologica Szegediensis · doi:10.14232/abs.2020.2.99-109 · Cited by 5
“Since skeletal TB and CNS TB develop in only a few cases (Golden and Vikram 2005; Rock et al. 2008; Spekker et al. 2018; Rodriguez-Takeuchi et al. 2019; Spekker et al. 2020a; Spekker et al. 2020b), the simultaneous application of molecular biological and analytical techniques are useful tools to draw a clearer picture…”
Background
Peritoneal thickening: It's not always carcinomatosis
Amalik, S., Agouri, H. E., Khouchoua, S., Jerguigue, H., Latib, R., Basma, E. K., & Youssef, O. (2021) · Radiology Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2021.06.038 · Cited by 4
Varying clinical presentations of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease : Similar to but different from tuberculosis
Shinohara, T., Morizumi, S., & Sumitomo, K. (2021) · The Journal of Medical Investigation · doi:10.2152/jmi.68.220 · Cited by 4
Imaging Findings in Tuberculous Heart Disease
Dev, M., & Sharma, M. (2020) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/rg.2020190216 · Cited by 4
Impact of multiple consultations and switching in treatment-seeking in tuberculosis: Mathematical modelling and optimal control
Saini, P., & Bhattacharyya, S. K. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324330 · Cited by 3
Antiretroviral treatment does not prevent extrapulmonary tuberculosis during SIV/Mtb coinfection in macaques
Diedrich, C. R., Rutledge, T., Gleim, J. L., Kline, C., Maiello, P. A., Medrano, J., Borish, H. J., Chishti, H. B., Gaines, J., Klein, E., et al. (2026) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.199314 · Cited by 3
“Lastly, the rate of the extrapulmonary TB disease in humans is likely severely underestimated, given the lack of diagnostic tools to adequately assess it (50).”
Comorbidity and drug resistance of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the yi autonomous prefecture of China: a cross-sectional study
Wang, T., Zhou, C., Shang, L., & Zhou, X. (2023) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08568-3 · Cited by 3
“[27, 47].”
Comprehensive analysis of vaginal microbiota in Chinese women with genital tuberculosis: implications for diagnosis and treatment
Zhang, Z., Zong, X., Liu, Z., Dong, X., Bai, H., Fan, L., & Li, T. (2025) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-025-03767-1 · Cited by 3
Diagnosis and Management of Occult Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenopathy
Li, W.-X., Zhu, Y., Dong, Y., & Liu, L. (2021) · Ear Nose & Throat Journal · doi:10.1177/01455613211043692 · Cited by 3
Tuberculous Epididymo-Orchitis with Multifocal Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: a Case Report
An, J., & Kim, K. W. (2022) · Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.13104/imri.2022.26.1.71 · Cited by 3
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cytomegalovirus Colitis in a Renal Transplant Patient: A Case Report
García, P., Contreras, K., Parra, P., Leon, N. S., & Pantoja, Ó. D. L. (2022) · Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports · doi:10.1177/23247096221139269 · Cited by 3
Tuberculous Epididymitis in an Immunocompetent Indian Male: A Report of a Rare Case
Yadav, S. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.46340 · Cited by 3
“About 15-25% of all tuberculosis cases are extrapulmonary [4].”
Background
Dynamics of Matricellular Protein Levels in Blood Predict Recovery in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection
Shete, A., Ghate, M., Iwasaki, H., Patil, S., Shidhaye, P., Bai, G., Matsuba, T., Pharande, P., Mahajan, B., Randive, A., et al. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16050664 · Cited by 3
“In EPTB, lymphatic systems are the most frequently involved, but disseminated infection and central nervous system involvement is also often seen in immunocompromised hosts [39].”
Background
Diagnostic value of nanopore sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid samples in tuberculous meningitis
Zhao, C., Song, C. S., Yang, S., Huang, A.-C., Lin, Y., Xu, C., Wei, X., Zeng, C.-M., Lan, Y., Luo, X., et al. (2024) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116593 · Cited by 3
Comparative Insights into COVID-19 and Tuberculosis: Clinical Manifestations, Inflammatory Markers, and Outcomes in Pulmonary Versus Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 Co-Infection
Mihuta, C., Socaci, A., Hogea, P., Tudorache, E., Mihuţa, M. S., & Oancea, C. I. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14082782 · Cited by 3
Tuberculosis, still the great mimicker: a rare case of disseminated tuberculosis masquerading as appendiceal cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis
Ng, Y. Y. R., Palanisamy, P., Tay, A. Z. E., & Yeo, E. S. A. (2021) · ANZ Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1111/ans.16840 · Cited by 3
Imagerie du péritoine normal et pathologique
Caramella, C., Dartigues, P., Lémery-Magnin, M., & Dromain, C. (2016) · Cited by 3
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical sputum by a unique gene in MTB strains called Conserved protein TB18.5 (TB18.5)
Luo, J., Li, X., Song, Y., Liu, H., Zheng, K., Xia, X., & Zhang, A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.24033 · Cited by 3
Head and Neck Tuberculosis: A Rare Diagnosis and the Role of Surgical Biopsy and Histopathological Evaluation in Extrapulmonary Disease
Mogoantă, C. A., Osman, A., Georgescu, A.-M., Mitroi, A. M., Busuioc, C. I., Tănase, I., Cioboată, R., Liliac, I. M., Cimpeanu, O. L., & Ciolofan, M. S. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14050479 · Cited by 2
“The results of a meta-analysis showed that EPTB represents almost 15% of TB cases, and approximately 10–35% of cases can be found in the head and neck region, most frequently in lymph nodes (87.9%), the other most common location being the larynx [23,26,27].”
Influential
Case Report: Subfertility and Pregnancy Loss due to Genital Tuberculosis
Stroeken, Y., Broekhuijsen, K., Leyten, E. M. S., & Hermes, W. (2023) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-023-01492-2 · Cited by 2
“Clinically, female genital tuberculosis either presents with subfertility, abdominal pain, or menstrual disorders [18].”
Distribution of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in CBNAAT samples received in a tertiary care hospital – A record-based study
Mondal, S., Mandal, A., Saha, S., Chakrabarty, P. S., Datta, P., & Das, D. (2024) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_519_24 · Cited by 2
“[6,7] Additionally, patients might have a normal chest radiograph, which can obscure an important diagnosis.”
Estado actual de la tuberculosis ósea y articular de los miembros
Touzi, M., Chekaya, N. B., Grassa, R., & Kammoun, M. (2025) · EMC - Aparato Locomotor · doi:10.1016/s1286-935x(25)50060-6 · Cited by 2
Rare Non-Tumoral Lesions of the Liver: A Pictorial Review
Nunes, S. L. G., Salles-Silva, E., Ambrozino, L. C., de Castro, P. L., Soares, M. V. A., Eiras-Araújo, A. L., Martins, D. L., Pacheco, E. O., Torres, U. S., D’Ippolito, G., et al. (2025) · Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI · doi:10.1053/j.sult.2025.09.006 · Cited by 2
Establishment of a biosafe murine model of skeletal tuberculosis using Mycobacterium smegmatis
Jia, Y., Guo, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Qu, Y., Tan, J., Shen, J., Limjunyawong, N., Xu, J., et al. (2026) · Animal Models and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1002/ame2.70101 · Cited by 2
Imaging diagnosis of sternal tuberculosis- A report of two cases of the ancient disease with a new demeanour
Grover, S. B., Rai, D. V., Grover, H., Kumar, D. D., Kundra, R., Gautam, D. V. K., & Devra, A. G. (2021) · Radiology Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2021.07.045 · Cited by 2
Esophageal tuberculosis as an unusual cause of dysphagia: a case report
Mahmoudi, M., Bradai, S., Khsiba, A., Mohamed, A. B., Bradai, J., Medhioub, M., Hamzaoui, L., & Azouz, M. M. (2022) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2022.41.225.29790 · Cited by 2
Dynamics of the structure of renal tuberculosis over 20 years
Kulchavenya, E. V., & Kholtobin, D. P. (2022) · Terapevticheskii arkhiv · doi:10.26442/00403660.2022.11.201930 · Cited by 2
The Imaging Features and Diagnostic Value of Computerised Tomography in Seminal Duct Tuberculosis
Qi, M., Zhang, L., Gan, W., Xu, Y., Wei, J., Fu, X., & Li, X. (2023) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s401660 · Cited by 2
Combined modalities for the rapid diagnosis of patients with suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis: A cross-sectional study
Sayed, M. H., & Sane, K. C. (2024) · Lung India · doi:10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_135_24 · Cited by 2
Colliding Challenges Part 2: An Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients with Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Versus SARS-CoV-2 Infection Alone
Mihuta, C., Socaci, A., Hogea, P., Tudorache, E., Mihuţa, M. S., & Oancea, C. I. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60122071 · Cited by 2
Next-generation sequencing assistance in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A case series
Guo, D., Fan, J., Zhang, X., Chen, S., & Du, X. (2025) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2025.102683 · Cited by 2
Tuberculosis Beyond the Lungs: A Pictorial Review of Key Diagnostic Imaging Insights
Naranjo, M. Z., Torres, J. D. A., Poveda, A. T. S., García, V., & Paternina, M. A. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.81256 · Cited by 2
Identification of Datura innoxia as a potential source of antimycobacterial components
Khan, S. A., Rather, M. A., Ahmad, M., Jia, Z., Baughn, A. D., Iqbal, S., Qadir, S. M., Tahseen, S., Khan, M. U., Villalta, P. W., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1553282 · Cited by 3
“TB ranks among the top 10 diseases in the world in terms of both mortality and morbidity (Rodriguez-Takeuchi et al., 2019).”
Practical Imaging Approach to Determining the Cause of Nonneoplastic Lymphadenopathy
Masuoka, S., Hiyama, T., Ishiguro, T., Saida, T., Kano, S., Miyazaki, O., Matsuki, M., Minami, M., Chernyak, V., Mori, H., et al. (2025) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/rg.240147 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of the treatment efficacy of systemic care combined with thymopentin and 2HRZE/4HR for primary tuberculosis.
He, Y., & Zheng, W. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2
Sampling strategy for bacteriological diagnosis of intrathoracic tuberculosis
Maitre, T., Ok, V., Morel, F., Bonnet, I., Sougakoff, W., Robert, J., Trosini-Desert, V., Caumes, É., Aubry, A., & Véziris, N. (2021) · Respiratory Medicine and Research · doi:10.1016/j.resmer.2021.100825 · Cited by 2
Tuberculoma mimicking postoperative VP shunt seeding of craniopharyngioma: A rare case report
Dariansyah, A. D., Suryaningtyas, W., & Parenrengi, M. A. (2021) · Surgical Neurology International · doi:10.25259/sni_606_2021 · Cited by 2
A correlação entre a tuberculose e o desenvolvimento de lesão renal: uma revisão integrativa
Rotilli, K. W., & Valenzuela, R. G. V. (2022) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e10051.2022 · Cited by 2
A case of extrapulmonary tuberculosis after use of baricitinib
Shimada, T., Maeyama, A., Hagio, T., Muraoka, K., Shibata, T., Yamasaki, Y., Oda, T., Hamasaki, M., & Yamamoto, T. (2022) · Modern Rheumatology Case Reports · doi:10.1093/mrcr/rxac098 · Cited by 2
Tuberculose extrapulmonar como causa de pericardite constritiva: um diagnóstico difícil que deve ser considerado
Amaral, E. C. S. O., Nobre, M. D. N., Souza, A. P. D., Henriques, J. A. B., Corrêa, S. A., & Dantas, B. P. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv6n3-079 · Cited by 2
Immunoassay with Novel Paired Antibodies for Detection of Lipoarabinomannan in the Pleural Fluid and Plasma of Patients with Tuberculous Pleurisy
Yan, Z., Wang, J., Pang, Y., Wang, X., Yi, L., Wei, P., Ruan, H., Gu, M., Zhang, H., & Yang, X. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11092259 · Cited by 2
“EPTB represents approximately 15–20% of all TB worldwide [2,3].”
Necrosis, netosis, and apoptosis in pulmonary tuberculosis and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Clues from the patient's serum
Rojas-Espinosa, O., Arce-Mendoza, A. Y., Islas-Trujillo, S., Muñiz-Buenrostro, A., Arce‐Paredes, P., Popoca-Galván, O., Moreno-Altamirano, B., & Silva, M. R. (2023) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2023.102426 · Cited by 2
Porta Hepatis Tuberculous Lymphadenopathy: Clinical and Imaging Features of 10 Cases
Hu, W., Hu, M., Xia, J., Chen, S., Li, X., Sheng, C., Guo, W., Feng, X., Shangguan, Y., Lü, B., et al. (2023) · Infectious Microbes & Diseases · doi:10.1097/im9.0000000000000136 · Cited by 2
“2 In our cohort, the presence of disseminated TB and malignancies in patients such as cases 3, 5 and 9 complicated the management of patients, requiring combinations of multiple drugs and prolonged treatment duration.”
Background
Chest wall tuberculosis in children: a mimicker of bone tumour
Muthuvel, B., Verma, S., Dhawan, S. R., & Saxena, A. K. (2021) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-242802 · Cited by 2
Potential of a Multimodal Deep Learning for Differentiating Spinal Infections: Tuberculosis, Brucella, and Pyogenic Spondylitis - A Multicenter StudyPreprint
Yasin, P., Yimit, Y., Ding, L., Mamat, M., Song, J., Jie, S., Palahati, P., Aikebaier, A., & Song, X. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5068606 · Cited by 2
Tubercular Tenosynovitis of the Wrist and Cardiac Correlation
Kapoor, P., Singh, A., & Sood, A. (2023) · Journal of Cardiac Critical Care TSS · doi:10.25259/jccc_41_2023 · Cited by 1
Tuberculosis, neck abscess a case report and literature review
Hussain, T., Malik, M., Matin, A., Attique, S., Alaqeab, E., Shrayyef, T., & Khan, M. A. (2023) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20233805 · Cited by 1
Incidence of systemic vasculitides after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: a population-based cohort study in Korea
Han, M., Ha, J. W., Jung, I., Kim, C. Y., & Ahn, S. S. (2024) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keae185 · Cited by 1
Aspek Patofisiologi Meningitis Tuberkulosis dan Tuberkuloma
Iswari, P. W. P., Widhiani, N. P. V., Akelba, S. D., Pradhini, T. S., Harahap, H. S., Gunawan, S. E., & Wahyudi, S. (2023) · Unram Medical Journal · doi:10.29303/jk.v12i3.4448 · Cited by 2
Prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Southeast Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Harshana, A., Goyal, M., Chako, A., & Mahajan, R. (2024) · Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease · doi:10.4081/monaldi.2024.2899 · Cited by 1
Tuberculous meningitis as an underlying cause of rapid neurological deterioration in a patient with a history of psychiatric disorder: Clinical case report
Hernández, F. P. Á., Sevilla-Fuentes, S., & Serrano, C. J. (2024) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116625 · Cited by 1
BCGitis and BCGosis spectrum of imaging findings in immunocompromised pediatric patients
Alfahad, L., Khushaim, A., Alhabeeb, W., Alzayed, A., & Almushayqih, M. H. (2025) · Pediatric Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00247-025-06182-w · Cited by 1
Abdominal Inflammatory Lesions Mimicking Malignancy: Imaging Pitfalls and Clues
Elias-Neto, A., Trindade, T. F., do Carmo, M. H., Lopes, R. N., Cruz, M. R. M. D. S., Gonzaga, A. P. F. C., de Oliveira, F. P. C. B., Talans, A., Silva, G. S. E., Matsumoto, C. A., et al. (2025) · Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI · doi:10.1053/j.sult.2025.04.008 · Cited by 1
Tuberculosis tenosynovitis: A rare cause of tenosynovitis in the hand and wrist
Topaloğlu, M. S., & Yıldırım, M. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.5606/tftrd.2024.14395 · Cited by 1
Reactivation of cereberal tuberculosis post-adalimumab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a case report
Alghazzawi, A., Al-Frejat, Z., Ahmad, M., Barkil, F., Shammas, L., & Darwish, E. A. (2025) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000003450 · Cited by 1
Ultrasound-Guided Synovial Biopsy in Undifferentiated Monoarthritis: A Case Series From Bangladesh
Azad, M. A. K., Hassan, M. M., Choudhury, M. R., Islam, A., & Ahmedullah, A. K. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.86870 · Cited by 1
An elderly couple suffers from tuberculosis of the reproductive system
Liu, X., Mei, H., Huang, B., Zhang, L., & Li, Y. (2025) · IDCases · doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2025.e02335 · Cited by 1
“The most common clinical infection sites are epididymis and testis [13], which have a great impact on male sexual function.”
Global disease and economic burden of main mycobacterial infections in the working-age population from 1990 to 2021 with a forecast to 2045
Gu, J., Wang, J., Zhong, L., Lu, B., Xie, H., Yu, B., & Guo, Y. (2025) · Infectious Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.imj.2025.100199 · Cited by 1
Rationally Designed InhA Inhibitors: A Comparative Anti‐Tubercular Activity Study of Sulfonate Esters of Isoniazid Hydrazones and Their Structurally Flexible Benzyl Analogues
Kadima, M. G., Mishra, S., Kumar, G., Seboletswe, P., Roquet, F., Foubert, M., Kremer, L., Karpoormath, R. V., & Singh, P. (2025) · Chemical Biology & Drug Design · doi:10.1111/cbdd.70171 · Cited by 1
“If left untreated, TB can become highly resistant to conventional therapies because of its ability to persist within host cells by switching between latent and active states and acquiring mutations (Rodriguez-Takeuchi et al. 2019).”
Potentiation of the antimycobacterial activity of bedaquiline, clofazimine, and doxycycline against Mycobacterium smegmatis by several natural product-based compounds is putatively via efflux inhibition
Chacha, R., Maina, C., Murungi, E. K., Guantai, E. M., Ngugi, M. P., Ndirangu, E. G., Mugo, J., Njeru, S. N., & Kigondu, E. M. (2025) · Open Research Africa · doi:10.12688/openresafrica.16071.1 · Cited by 1
Deciphering macrophage dynamics and immune evasion strategies by the intracellular bacteria
Munir, F., He, B., Shakoor, A., Liu, J., & Ma, W. (2025) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-025-09696-5 · Cited by 1
Case report: Tumor-like mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis with paravertebral cold abscess under cumulative immunosuppression: a case highlighting altered host–pathogen interactions
Zhou, X., Sun, Z., Chen, C., Lv, X., Chen, R., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1780714 · Cited by 1
Spatiotemporal patterns of tuberculosis in urban slums and urban–rural transition zones: evidence from Tétouan, Morocco, 2019–2023
Ez-Zari, A., Herrador, Z., Farouk, L., Mezzoug, N., Boulaich, A., Bouti, K., Mennane, Z., & Elmtili, N. (2026) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0006315 · Cited by 1
“Pleural and lymph node TB were the most frequent EPTB forms, likely reflecting dissemination from pulmonary sources [22].”
Disseminated tuberculosis following invasive procedures for peripancreatic lymph node tuberculosis with portal vein obstruction: a case report
Kato, A., Mashiba, T., Tateishi, Y., Oda, R., Funakoshi, H., Iwanami, K., & Motomura, Y. (2022) · Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s12328-022-01624-6 · Cited by 1
“Among the lesions of abdominal TB, peritoneum and lymph nodes are common [4], while peripancreatic lymph node and pancreatic TB are rare, with a frequency of less than 5% [5].”
Background
Imagerie des pathologies infectieuses du côlon et du rectum
Mercier, V., Paisant, A., Zins, M., & Aubé, C. (2022) · Journal d imagerie diagnostique et interventionnelle · doi:10.1016/j.jidi.2022.05.002 · Cited by 1
Surgical resection of a tuberculoma in the diaphragm: a case report
Hashinokuchi, A., Kohno, M., Kosai, K., Ono, Y., Haratake, N., Shibata, D., Yamamoto, H., Takenaka, T., & Yoshizumi, T. (2022) · Surgical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/s40792-022-01554-y · Cited by 1
Pesquisa em saúde e meio ambiente: uma perspectiva da atenção primária e da qualidade de vida
Silva, M. R. C., da Silva, D. F., & de Miranda, R. D. C. M. (2022) · Editora Pascal LTDA eBooks · doi:10.29327/576863 · Cited by 1
Proportion of Extrapulmonary MDR-TB Confirmed by GeneXpert® in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, West Java, Indonesia Year 2012–2021
Dhestina, W., Santoso, P., & Sahiratmadja, E. (2022) · Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease · doi:10.20473/ijtid.v10i2.33768 · Cited by 1
“The location of extrapulmonary TB could differ in every patient, mainly manifested in lymph nodes and pleura, consecutively causing TB lymphadenitis and TB pleurisy due to their sites being the nearest from the lungs.(13) Apart from them, TB infections may take place in the skeletal, abdomen, pericardium, central nerv…”
Background
The Use of Particulate Systems for Tuberculosis Prophylaxis and Treatment: Opportunities and Challenges
Barrera-Rosales, A., Rodríguez-Sanoja, R., Hernández‐Pando, R., & Moreno-Mendieta, S. A. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11081988 · Cited by 1
Deciphering the antimycobacterial, cytotoxicity and phytochemical profile of Entada abyssinica stem bark
Obakiro, S. B., Omara, T., Kiprop, A. K., Bunalema, L., K'Owino, I. O., & Kigondu, E. M. (2023) · Vegetos · doi:10.1007/s42535-023-00732-z · Cited by 1
A rare case of tuberculous abscess on the anterior abdominal wall
Santiana, L., Sandjaja, A., & Dewayani, B. M. (2023) · Radiology Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2023.09.100 · Cited by 1
“Ex-trapulmonary TB can affect both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients, although pulmonary TB patients with a comorbidity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a greater incidence of developing EPTB [1] .”
BackgroundInfluential
Molecular Identification of Extrapulmonary Vaccine Adverse Events after BCG in Paraffin-Embedded Specimens
Brzezińska, S., ZABOST, A. T., Borkowska, D., Klatt, M., Goździk, J., Dłużniewska, A., Błasińska, K., & AUGUSTYNOWICZ-KOPEĆ, E. M. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12121374 · Cited by 1
Disseminated Miliary and Intestinal Tuberculosis Mimicking Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Tran, D., Patel, K., Ashfaq, A., & Lyons, B. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.50002 · Cited by 1
Two cases of testicular tuberculosis in HIV patients with distinct clinical presentations
Farias, L. A. B. G., Vitoriano, F. E. S., Ribeiro, C. K. B., de Matos, M. D. F. M., Neto, L. V. P., & Neto, R. D. J. P. (2023) · Tropical Doctor · doi:10.1177/00494755231220400 · Cited by 1
Extraspinal Osteoarticular Tuberculosis: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge
Bouaicha, W., Nouicer, S., Jlidi, M., Chaâbane, I., Bachrouch, S., Tounsi, H., Mallek, K., & Daas, S. (2023) · International Journal of Mycobacteriology · doi:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_154_23 · Cited by 1
Prevalence of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis in tertiary care rural hospital in Gujarat, India: a retrospective study
Ughreja, R., Bhatt, V., Shah, S. R., & Boxa, D. (2023) · European Journal of Translational and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.31373/ejtcm/175674 · Cited by 1
“Although M. tuberculosis typically infects the lungs and causes pulmonary TB, it can also spread to other bodily areas, including the kidney, spine, and brain, where it can cause extrapulmonary TB [10].”
Background
Cerebral Tuberculosis After Therapy With Adalimumab for Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Rare Case
Martins, F., Rodrigues, A. S. D. C., Oliveira, J. N., Malheiro, R., & Cerqueira, L. M. G. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.52267 · Cited by 1
“Intra-axial manifestations encompass intracranial tuberculous granuloma (tuberculoma), focal tuberculous cerebritis, intracranial tuberculous abscess, tuberculous rhombencephalitis, and tuberculous encephalopathy [18].”
Background
A Study of the Effect of Specific Antibacterial Therapy on the Course of Tuberculous Spondylitis in an Experiment
Holka, H. H., Веснін, В. В., Burlaka, V. V., Oliynyk, A. O., Фадєєв, О., Hoptsii, O. V., & FROLOVA-ROMANIUK, E. Y. (2024) · Tuberculosis Lung Diseases HIV Infection · doi:10.30978/tb2024-1-58 · Cited by 1
Tuberculosis: History, Pathophsiology, Antituberculosis Drugs and Herbal Approach of The Treatment
(2024) · doi:10.56831/psmph-04-134 · Cited by 2
Breast Tuberculosis in Iran: A Comprehensive Review
Babamahmoodi, F., Babamahmoodi, A., Barzegar, R., Sadr, M., Rezaei, M. S., & Marjani, M. (2024) · International Journal of Mycobacteriology · doi:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_32_24 · Cited by 1
Tuberculosis of central nervous system
Urs, V. L., Kumar, N., & Garg, R. K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95735-9.00042-5 · Cited by 1
Case Report: Reiterating the importance of tissue biopsy in the diagnosis of tuberculosis: lessons from a case of pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by Hodgkin's lymphoma
Luo, Y., Yang, X., Zhou, J. M., Pu, S., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1454657 · Cited by 1
Reactive arthritis in connective tissue diseases; one should be vigilant for joint tuberculosis
Qian-Ying, L., & Yao, C. (2024) · Tropical Doctor · doi:10.1177/00494755241293186 · Cited by 1
Peritoneal tuberculosis: the diagnostic challenge must not preclude treatment
Correia, I., Costa, R., Madeira, J. I. M., & Fonseca, I. (2024) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2024-263066 · Cited by 1
Overview and Classification of Infections of the Bone, Joints and Soft Tissues
Peh, W., & Ladeb, M. F. (2025) · Medical radiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93638-8_1 · Cited by 1
Tuberculous Spondylitis in a Woman without Pulmonary Lesions
Morita, S., Takada, T., Ohashi, K., & Terai, S. (2021) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.5054-20 · Cited by 1
“It typically occurs due to hematogenous spread from pulmonary tuberculosis but can sometimes occur in individuals without a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (1, 2).”
Background
Angioplasty With Stent Implantation for Portal Venous Stenosis Caused by Abdominal Tuberculosis: A Case Report and Literature Review
Quan, X., Tai, Y., Wei, B., Tong, H., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., & Wu, H. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.778672 · Cited by 1
Imaging of Pulmonary Infections
Byrne, S. C., Hammer, M. M., & Thomas, R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92111-8_18 · Cited by 1
Regional homogeneity alterations in multifrequency bands in patients with extracranial multi-organ tuberculosis: a prospective cross-sectional study
Wang, Y., Wen, J., Kong, C., Xu, Z., Hu, S., Li, M., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Jia, X., Ding, Q., et al. (2023) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-22-229 · Cited by 1
“…Sunnyvale, CA, USA) urine assay, body fluid, secretion or tissue smear results (45); and (II) histopathological sections showing granulomatous inflammation, caseous necrosis in the center, Langhans cells in the periphery, and lymphocytes and fibrous connective tissue in the periphery (46).”
Tuberculosis Extrapulmonar En Mama, A Propósito De Un Caso
Silva, P., Robalino, N., & Guerrero, A. V. S. (2023) · Mediciencias UTA (Impresa)/Mediciencias UTA (En línea) · doi:10.31243/mdc.uta.v7i1.1919.2023 · Cited by 1
Zoonotic tuberculosis
Salguero, F. J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-16062-2.00007-1 · Cited by 2
Development of lipid biomarker based diagnostic method for TB research in archaeological samples via HPLC-HRMS
Váradi, O. A. (2021) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged) · doi:10.14232/phd.10740 · Cited by 1
Watch out for Abdominal Pain in HIV-AIDS Patients: Abdominal Tuberculosis
Rodriguez-Santiago, M. A., Alvarez-Pérez, L., Gaudier-Díaz, J., Cruz, P. G. D. R., Hernández-Cuevas, N., & Colón-Márquez, J. (2020) · Case Reports in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/crcm.2020.912054
An Unusual Case of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis and Comparison of Various Methods for Diagnosis of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
Mishra, M. N., Philips, S., Odyuo, B. S., & Webster, J. J. (2021) · International Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Analysis · doi:10.61797/ijbca.v1i1.56
Photoclick Reaction Programming Glutathione-Responsive System for Granuloma-Tracking and Anti-TuberculosisPreprint
Zheng, J., Long, X., Chen, H., Ji, Z., Shu, B., Yue, R., Liao, Y., Qiao, K., Liu, Y., & Liao, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-779101/v1
A case of concurrent gastrointestinal, peritoneal and urinary bladder tuberculosis
Ahmad, M. F., Mohamad, N., Sapiai, N. A., Razali, N. A., & Anuar, A. H. (2021) · Indian Journal of Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.09.004
Imaging of Pulmonary Infections
Byrne, S. C., Hammer, M. M., & Thomas, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44092-3_18-1
MULTIPLE MENING AND BRAIN INVOLVEMENT REVEALING MULTIFOCAL TUBERCULOSIS IN A YOUNG IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENT: CASE REPORT
Ramos, A. M. M., de Lucena, L. N., Bezerra, A. H., da Silva, F. J., Arenhardt, C. R., Santos, E. C., Barbosa, F. S., Batista, L. L., Leite, L. M. G. D. S., Lins, V. L. V., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Health Science · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1592109128
Ulcerations and Lymphadenopathy in a 42 year old Male
Brownstone, N. D., Dirr, M. A., & Rigel, D. S. (2022) · SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine · doi:10.25251/skin.6.1.19
“Copyright 2022 The National Society for Cutaneous Medicine 86 and critical care medicine, 167(4), 603–662.”
Background

Authors: Rodriguez-Takeuchi, S. Y., Renjifo, M. E., & Medina, F. J.
Affiliations: Fundación Valle del Lili (CO)
From the Department of Radiology, Fundación Valle del Lili–Universidad Icesi, Carrera 98 #18-49, Cali, Colombia.
ORCID: Rodriguez-Takeuchi, Sara Yukie
Venue: Radiographics
Publisher: Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)
Published: 2019-11
Volume: 39
Issue: 7
Pages: 2023-2037
ISSN: 0271-5333 (ISSN-L)
1527-1323
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2019190109
OpenAlex: W2988325760
Cited by: 328
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 13
FWCI: 6.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Radiographics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Keywords: extrapulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous lymphadenitis, disseminated tuberculosis, central nervous system tuberculosis, renal tuberculosis, urogenital tuberculosis, gastrointestinal tuberculosis, tuberculous peritonitis, spinal tuberculosis, synovitis, immunosuppression, pathophysiology
MeSH terms: Abscess, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Muscular Diseases, Risk, Tuberculoma, Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Lymph Node, Tuberculosis, Meningeal, Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular, Tuberculosis, Urogenital, Tuberculosis, Central Nervous System

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Findings

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks