Cited by 328Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosisInfectious Diseases and TuberculosisTuberculosis Research and Epidemiology

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Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Findings

Rodriguez-Takeuchi, Sara Yukie, Renjifo, Martin Eduardo, Medina, Francisco José·2019·Radiographics

DOI 10.1148/rg.2019190109

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Abstract

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) represents approximately 15% of all TB infections. It is difficult to diagnose on the basis of imaging characteristics and clinical symptoms, and biopsy is required in many cases. Radiologists must be aware of the imaging findings of extrapulmonary TB to identify the condition in high-risk patients, even in the absence of active pulmonary infection. In extrapulmonary TB, the lymphatic system is most frequently affected. The presence of necrotic lymph nodes and other organ-specific imaging features increases the diagnostic probability of extrapulmonary TB. Disseminated infection and central nervous system involvement are the most frequent manifestations in immunosuppressed patients. Renal disease can occur in immunocompetent patients with very long latency periods between the primary pulmonary infection and genitourinary involvement. In several cases, gastrointestinal, solid-organ, and peritoneal TB show nonspecific imaging findings. Tuberculous spondylitis is the most frequent musculoskeletal manifestation. It is usually diagnosed late and affects multiple vertebral segments with extensive paraspinal abscess. Articular disease is the second most frequent musculoskeletal manifestation, and synovitis is its predominant imaging finding. ©RSNA, 2019

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“Up to 15–25% of cases of TB involve the extrapulmonary organs.(2) Genitourinary TB can be seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.”
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Recurrent Spinal Tuberculosis with HIV Infection After Surgery: A Rare Case of Recurrence and Drug Resistance
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Grand challenges in major tropical diseases
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Influential
Hallazgos de tuberculosis extrapulmonar en imágenes de resonancia magnética en una paciente pediátrica
Delgado-Argote, H., Leiva, L. M., & Rojas, C. (2021) · Biomédica · doi:10.7705/biomedica.5857 · Cited by 4
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BackgroundInfluential
Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Drug Resistance in Newly-Treated Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Complicated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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Imaging of tubercular mastitis presenting as recurrent breast nodules and abscesses: a rare case report
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Physiotherapy Rehabilitation of a Conservatively Managed Patient With Pott’s Disease: A Case Report
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“Over 70% of individuals having spinal TB develop a paraspinal abscess, which frequently occurs in concordance with epidural extension [8].”
Background
Multi-purpose prototypes for extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis targeting: A regenerative medicine perspective
Mphaphuli, M. T., Sithole, M. N., Kumar, P., Kondiah, P. P. D., Mabrouk, M., & Choonara, Y. E. (2023) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105039 · Cited by 4

Authors: Rodriguez-Takeuchi, S. Y., Renjifo, M. E., & Medina, F. J.
Affiliations: Fundación Valle del Lili (CO)
From the Department of Radiology, Fundación Valle del Lili–Universidad Icesi, Carrera 98 #18-49, Cali, Colombia.
ORCID: Rodriguez-Takeuchi, Sara Yukie
Venue: Radiographics
Publisher: Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)
Published: 2019-11
Volume: 39
Issue: 7
Pages: 2023-2037
ISSN: 0271-5333 (ISSN-L)
1527-1323
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2019190109
OpenAlex: W2988325760
Cited by: 328
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 13
FWCI: 6.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Radiographics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Keywords: extrapulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous lymphadenitis, disseminated tuberculosis, central nervous system tuberculosis, renal tuberculosis, urogenital tuberculosis, gastrointestinal tuberculosis, tuberculous peritonitis, spinal tuberculosis, synovitis, immunosuppression, pathophysiology
MeSH terms: Abscess, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Muscular Diseases, Risk, Tuberculoma, Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Lymph Node, Tuberculosis, Meningeal, Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular, Tuberculosis, Urogenital, Tuberculosis, Central Nervous System

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Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: Pathophysiology and Imaging Findings

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