Li‐Ion Battery Electrolyte Formulated for Low‐Temperature Applications
Open accessAbstract
Low‐temperature (<0°C) applications of Li‐ion batteries have prompted the search for improved, high‐conductivity electrolytes. Because the performance of the carbonaceous anode is highly sensitive to changes in electrolyte composition, we focused our efforts on this electrode. Electrolytes containing [lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide], or LiIm, and [lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide], or LiMe, in methyl formate (MF)‐ethylene carbonate (EC) solvent mixtures were tested in lithium‐graphite half‐cells. The graphite electrodes could be cycled at ambient temperature with high reversible capacity. The best supporting electrolyte was found to be , and the presence of a high concentration of ethylene carbonate and up to 300 ppm in the solution considerably increased the reversible capacity upon cycling. The conductivity values of a binary solvent mixture of methyl formate and ethylene carbonate containing or LiMe were measured between −40°C and room temperature. Graphite electrodes cycled at −2°C in these electrolytes obtained reasonable reversible capacity, approaching 50%.
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Methyl formate's reduction product is partially soluble in the electrolyte, failing to provide a stable solid electrolyte interphase, and low-temperature performance improvement was not realized.
“Unfortunately, its reduction product is partially soluble in the electrolyte, hence failing to provide a stable SEI and the improvement of LT performance was not realized [37,38].”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) state that Li-formate, methyl formate’s reduction product, is partially soluble and does not fully passivate graphite. But the paper does not conclude that low-temperature performance improvement was not realized: it reports reasonable reversible capacity at −2°C in the tested methyl formate–ethylene carbonate electrolytes, although capacity fell relative to room temperature. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMethyl formate has the advantages of low viscosity, low melting point (-99 °C), and relatively high oxidation stability.
“Their results suggested that MF has the advantages of low viscosity, low melting point (-99 °C) and relatively high oxidation stability.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
The Introduction (page not available in our copy) states that methyl formate melts at −99 °C and is highly stable upon oxidation. It describes methyl-formate salt solutions as highly conductive, but does not state that methyl formate has low viscosity; a search for “viscosity” found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR LOW TEMPERATURES
Fateev, V., Kulova, T., Seregina, E. A., Ivanova, N. A., & Spasov, D. (2019) · Chemical Problems · doi:10.32737/2221-8688-2019-3-349-357 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Studies on Property of Li Salt-Organic Electrolytes Adding Ethyl Acetate
Park, D.-W., Chung, M., Lee, S., & Choi, Y.-K. (2008) · doi:10.5012/jkcs.2008.52.6.668 · Cited by 2
Li, K.-X., Yu, D.-D., Yu, T., Mou, J.-Y., Ge, T., Luo, J.-W., Song, W.-L., Ashurov, K. B., & Chen, D. (2026) · eChem · doi:10.53941/echem.2026.100002 · Cited by 1
“…ionic conductivity (>1 × 10 − 2 mS cm − 1 at − 80 °C), a wide voltage window up to 5.6 V, and non-flammability, and thus Li||LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 cells deliver a discharge capacity of 96 mAh g − 1 even at − 85 °C and 1/15 C after the room-temperature charging at 1/3 C. [3,4,7,12,19–27].”
InfluentialSelf‐sustainable wireless sensor network for low‐temperature application
Cho, Y., Choi, K., & Kwon, J. (2021) · Microwave and optical technology letters (Print) · doi:10.1002/mop.33114 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Improved charge control algorithm considering temperature of Li-ion battery
Eom, T.-H., Shin, M.-H., Kim, J.-M., Lee, J., & Won, C. (2017) · 2017 IEEE 3rd International Future Energy Electronics Conference and ECCE Asia (IFEEC 2017 - ECCE Asia) · doi:10.1109/ifeec.2017.7992352 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In order to improve rate limiting characteristics, it is important to minimize resistance inside the battery[14],[15].”
BackgroundElectrolytes for Low Temperature Lithium-Ion Cells
Smart, M., Ratnakumar, B., Huang, C.-K., & Surampudi, S. (1998) · doi:10.4271/981246 · Cited by 1
Li‐Ion Battery Electrolyte Formulated for Low‐Temperature Applications.
Ein-Eli, Y., Thomas, S., Chadha, R., Blakley, T., & Koch, V. (1997) · doi:10.1002/chin.199725017 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSingh, V., Sharma, Y., Kumar, A., Singh, D., Anand, V., & Heera, P. (2026) · Ionics (Kiel) · doi:10.1007/s11581-026-07547-3
Propylamine solvent co-intercalation in graphite electrodes for low temperature sodium-ion batteries
Son, Y., Ferrero, G. A., Janßen, K., Schwedland, W., Åvall, G., Sun, Y., & Adelhelm, P. (2026) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2026.117178
“Several approaches have been proposed to overcome these issues such as heating [17], or the use of co-solvents to enhance the properties of the electrolyte at low temperatures [18,19].”
Kasprzyk, M., Tymejczyk, M., Zalewska, A., Broszkiewicz, M., & Pyzik, M. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2025.127949
- Authors
- Ein‐Eli, Y., Thomas, S. R., Chadha, R., Blakley, T. J., & Koch, V. R.
- Affiliations
- Covalent Associates (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Ein‐Eli, Y.
- Venue
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society
- Publisher
- The Electrochemical Society
- Published
- 1997-03-01
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 823-829
- ISSN
- 0013-4651 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7111
- OpenAlex
- W2055717997
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 6.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Naval Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Keywords
- lithium-ion battery electrolytes, low-temperature cycling, LiTFSI, methyl formate, ethylene carbonate, mixed solvents, ionic conductivity, graphite anode, reversible capacity, supporting electrolyte
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