Cited by 670Battery Modeling and ManagementAdvancements in Battery MaterialsExtraction and Separation Processes

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Calendar Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: I. Impact of the Graphite Anode on Capacity Fade

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Keil, Peter, Schuster, Simon F., Wilhelm, Jörn, Travi, Julian, Hauser, Andreas, Karl, Ralph C., Jossen, Andreas·2016·Journal of The Electrochemical Society

DOI 10.1149/2.0411609jes

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Abstract

In this study, the calendar aging of lithium-ion batteries is investigated at different temperatures for 16 states of charge (SoCs) from 0 to 100%. Three types of 18650 lithium-ion cells, containing different cathode materials, have been examined. Our study demonstrates that calendar aging does not increase steadily with the SoC. Instead, plateau regions, covering SoC intervals of more than 20%–30% of the cell capacity, are observed wherein the capacity fade is similar. Differential voltage analyses confirm that the capacity fade is mainly caused by a shift in the electrode balancing. Furthermore, our study reveals the high impact of the graphite electrode on calendar aging. Lower anode potentials, which aggravate electrolyte reduction and thus promote solid electrolyte interphase growth, have been identified as the main driver of capacity fade during storage. In the high SoC regime where the graphite anode is lithiated more than 50%, the low anode potential accelerates the loss of cyclable lithium, which in turn distorts the electrode balancing. Aging mechanisms induced by high cell potential, such as electrolyte oxidation or transition-metal dissolution, seem to play only a minor role. To maximize battery life, high storage SoCs corresponding to low anode potential should be avoided.

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Authors: Keil, P., Schuster, S. F., Wilhelm, J., Travi, J., Hauser, A., Karl, R. C., & Jossen, A.
Affiliations: Technical University of Munich (DE)
TUM CREATE (SG)
ORCID: Keil, Peter
Schuster, Simon F.
Wilhelm, Jörn
Jossen, Andreas
Venue: Journal of The Electrochemical Society
Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
Published: 2016
Volume: 163
Issue: 9
Pages: A1872-A1880
ISSN: 0013-4651 (ISSN-L)
1945-7111
DOI: 10.1149/2.0411609jes
OpenAlex: W2464273419
Cited by: 669
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 83 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 1
Type: paratext
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of The Electrochemical Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Battery Modeling and Management
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
Keywords: calendar aging, lithium-ion batteries, storage temperature, state of charge, capacity fade, 18650 cells, cathode materials, graphite anode, solid electrolyte interphase, electrolyte reduction, anode potential, electrolyte oxidation, transition metal dissolution, battery energy storage

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Calendar Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: I. Impact of the Graphite Anode on Capacity Fade

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