CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 670Battery Modeling and ManagementAdvancements in Battery MaterialsExtraction and Separation Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Calendar Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: I. Impact of the Graphite Anode on Capacity Fade

Open access
Keil, Peter, Schuster, Simon F., Wilhelm, Jörn, Travi, Julian, Hauser, Andreas, Karl, Ralph C., Jossen, Andreas·2016·Journal of The Electrochemical Society
DOI 10.1149/2.0411609jes
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

In this study, the calendar aging of lithium-ion batteries is investigated at different temperatures for 16 states of charge (SoCs) from 0 to 100%. Three types of 18650 lithium-ion cells, containing different cathode materials, have been examined. Our study demonstrates that calendar aging does not increase steadily with the SoC. Instead, plateau regions, covering SoC intervals of more than 20%–30% of the cell capacity, are observed wherein the capacity fade is similar. Differential voltage analyses confirm that the capacity fade is mainly caused by a shift in the electrode balancing. Furthermore, our study reveals the high impact of the graphite electrode on calendar aging. Lower anode potentials, which aggravate electrolyte reduction and thus promote solid electrolyte interphase growth, have been identified as the main driver of capacity fade during storage. In the high SoC regime where the graphite anode is lithiated more than 50%, the low anode potential accelerates the loss of cyclable lithium, which in turn distorts the electrode balancing. Aging mechanisms induced by high cell potential, such as electrolyte oxidation or transition-metal dissolution, seem to play only a minor role. To maximize battery life, high storage SoCs corresponding to low anode potential should be avoided.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1149/2.0411609jes

Cites

55 of 55 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Image 1
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 2
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 3
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 4
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 5
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 1 (a) Voltage curves over stored capacity for low-current charging with 100 mA; (b) the resulting differential voltage spectra.
Figure 1 (a) Voltage curves over stored capacity for low-current charging with 100 mA; (b) the resulting differential voltage spectra.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Battery degradation after ca. 9-10 months of storage at various SoCs and different temperatures: (a-c) capacity fade; (d-f) rise of internal resistances.
Figure 2 Battery degradation after ca. 9-10 months of storage at various SoCs and different temperatures: (a-c) capacity fade; (d-f) rise of internal resistances.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Three charge-discharge cycles of the graphite half-cells from an empty (0% SoC) and a full (100% SoC) NCA and NMC cell in new condition. (a, c) Voltage over time; (b, d) voltage over stored capacity. Markers indicate the potential and the stored capacity of the graphite anodes for the full-cells at 0% (blue circles) and 100% SoC (red diamonds).
Figure 3 Three charge-discharge cycles of the graphite half-cells from an empty (0% SoC) and a full (100% SoC) NCA and NMC cell in new condition. (a, c) Voltage over time; (b, d) voltage over stored capacity. Markers indicate the potential and the stored capacity of the graphite anodes for the full-cells at 0% (blue circles) and 100% SoC (red diamonds).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Reconstruction of the full-cell voltage of a new cell and the differential voltage spectrum from half-cell data. (a-c) Voltage behavior for low-current charging; (d-f) differential voltage spectra with the central graphite peak highlighted by the dotted vertical line, which separates the actual capacity into two characteristic capacity values Q 1 and Q 2. Q 1 is an indicator for graphite degradation and Q 2 is an indicator for shifts in the electrode balancing.
Figure 4 Reconstruction of the full-cell voltage of a new cell and the differential voltage spectrum from half-cell data. (a-c) Voltage behavior for low-current charging; (d-f) differential voltage spectra with the central graphite peak highlighted by the dotted vertical line, which separates the actual capacity into two characteristic capacity values Q 1 and Q 2. Q 1 is an indicator for graphite degradation and Q 2 is an indicator for shifts in the electrode balancing.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 (a-c) Anode potential over SoC from half-cell measurements; (d-f) capacity fade over storage SoC for different storage periods. The location of the central graphite peak in the new condition is highlighted by a dotted vertical line.
Figure 5 (a-c) Anode potential over SoC from half-cell measurements; (d-f) capacity fade over storage SoC for different storage periods. The location of the central graphite peak in the new condition is highlighted by a dotted vertical line.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 (a-c) Cell capacity after ca. 9-10 months of storage at different temperatures separated into characteristic capacities Q 1 and Q 2. The average value of all the new cells serves as the reference (gray bars).
Figure 6 (a-c) Cell capacity after ca. 9-10 months of storage at different temperatures separated into characteristic capacities Q 1 and Q 2. The average value of all the new cells serves as the reference (gray bars).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 Comparison of capacity fade for the (a) NCA and (b) NMC cells stored at 50 ◦ C with different charge-discharge histories.
Figure 7 Comparison of capacity fade for the (a) NCA and (b) NMC cells stored at 50 ◦ C with different charge-discharge histories.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 (a, b) Capacity fade over time for the NCA cells stored at 25 or 50 ◦ C. Cells stored at 60% are highlighted, for which (c, d) show the corresponding differential voltage spectra. The location of the central graphite peak is highlighted for the new state and that following ca. 9.5 months of storage.
Figure 8 (a, b) Capacity fade over time for the NCA cells stored at 25 or 50 ◦ C. Cells stored at 60% are highlighted, for which (c, d) show the corresponding differential voltage spectra. The location of the central graphite peak is highlighted for the new state and that following ca. 9.5 months of storage.CC-BY · From the PDF

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 55 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 670

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Keil, P., Schuster, S. F., Wilhelm, J., Travi, J., Hauser, A., Karl, R. C., & Jossen, A.
Affiliations
  • Technical University of Munich (DE)
  • TUM CREATE (SG)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of The Electrochemical Society
Publisher
The Electrochemical Society
Published
2016
Volume
163
Issue
9
Pages
A1872-A1880
ISSN
  • 0013-4651 (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7111
DOI
10.1149/2.0411609jes
OpenAlex
W2464273419
Cited by
669
References
55
Citations by year
2026: 83 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 1
Type
paratext
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Battery Modeling and Management
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
Keywords
calendar aging, lithium-ion batteries, storage temperature, state of charge, capacity fade, 18650 cells, cathode materials, graphite anode, solid electrolyte interphase, electrolyte reduction, anode potential, electrolyte oxidation, transition metal dissolution, battery energy storage

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review