The neurobiology of opioid dependence: implications for treatment
Open accessAbstract
Opioid tolerance, dependence, and addiction are all manifestations of brain changes resulting from chronic opioid abuse. The opioid abuser's struggle for recovery is in great part a struggle to overcome the effects of these changes. Medications such as methadone, LAAM, buprenorphine, and naltrexone act on the same brain structures and processes as addictive opioids, but with protective or normalizing effects. Despite the effectiveness of medications, they must be used in conjunction with appropriate psychosocial treatments.
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Craving is a central component of opioid use disorder and other substance use disorders.
“A key component of OUD is the development of long-lasting drug craving (3–5), whether in the context of prescribed opioids, such as for analgesic purposes, or illicitly acquired heroin.”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Kosten, T., & George, T.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kosten, Thomas
- Venue
- Science & Practice Perspectives
- Publisher
- NIDA/RTI International
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-20
- ISSN
- 1930-4307 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-4315
- PMC
- PMC2851054
- OpenAlex
- W1997980357
- Cited by
- 505
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science & Practice Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA-1-4039, P50 DA12762, K05‐DA00454, R01-DA-1-3672, K12 DA00167)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- opioid use disorder, opioid tolerance, neurobiology of addiction, methadone maintenance treatment, LAAM, buprenorphine, naltrexone, opioid antagonists, psychosocial interventions, addiction treatment
- MeSH terms
- Analgesics, Opioid, Brain, Humans, Models, Neurological, Narcotic Antagonists, Opioid-Related Disorders, Receptors, Opioid, Behavior, Addictive
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