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“Nutraceuticals” in relation to human skeletal muscle and exercise
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscles have a fundamental role in locomotion and whole body metabolism, with muscle mass and quality being linked to improved health and even lifespan. Optimizing nutrition in combination with exercise is considered an established, effective ergogenic practice for athletic performance. Importantly, exercise and nutritional approaches also remain arguably the most effective countermeasure for muscle dysfunction associated with aging and numerous clinical conditions, e.g., cancer cachexia, COPD, and organ failure, via engendering favorable adaptations such as increased muscle mass and oxidative capacity. Therefore, it is important to consider the effects of established and novel effectors of muscle mass, function, and metabolism in relation to nutrition and exercise. To address this gap, in this review, we detail existing evidence surrounding the efficacy of a nonexhaustive list of macronutrient, micronutrient, and “nutraceutical” compounds alone and in combination with exercise in relation to skeletal muscle mass, metabolism (protein and fuel), and exercise performance (i.e., strength and endurance capacity). It has long been established that macronutrients have specific roles and impact upon protein metabolism and exercise performance, (i.e., protein positively influences muscle mass and protein metabolism), whereas carbohydrate and fat intakes can influence fuel metabolism and exercise performance. Regarding novel nutraceuticals, we show that the following ones in particular may have effects in relation to 1) muscle mass/protein metabolism: leucine, hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate, creatine, vitamin-D, ursolic acid, and phosphatidic acid; and 2) exercise performance: (i.e., strength or endurance capacity): hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate, carnitine, creatine, nitrates, and β-alanine.
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“Numerous studies related to the consumption of a large variety of nutrients/nutraceuticals have shown beneficial effects on different aspects of skeletal muscle health and exercise performance (strength and endurance capacity) through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or anabolic mechanisms, some of which are still poorly understood [16,17].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Deane, C. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Phillips, B. E., Smith, K., Etheridge, T., & Atherton, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Atherton, Philip J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2017-04-01
- Volume
- 312
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- E282-E299
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- PMC
- PMC5406990
- OpenAlex
- W2583161188
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 276
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion)
- Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University) (submittedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MRC) (MR/K00414X/1)
- Arthritis Research UK (19891)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- nutraceuticals, skeletal muscle, physical activity, muscle mass, protein metabolism, macronutrients, micronutrients, exercise performance, strength, endurance, leucine, creatine, vitamin D, ursolic acid, phosphatidic acid, L-carnitine, nitrate, beta-alanine, aging, cancer cachexia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Nutritional Status, Physical Endurance, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Athletic Performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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