Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: Cellular Mechanisms and Impact on Muscle Force Production
Open accessAbstract
The first suggestion that physical exercise results in free radical-mediated damage to tissues appeared in 1978, and the past three decades have resulted in a large growth of knowledge regarding exercise and oxidative stress. Although the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated, it is now well established that both resting and contracting skeletal muscles produce reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Importantly, intense and prolonged exercise can result in oxidative damage to both proteins and lipids in the contracting myocytes. Furthermore, oxidants can modulate a number of cell signaling pathways and regulate the expression of multiple genes in eukaryotic cells. This oxidant-mediated change in gene expression involves changes at transcriptional, mRNA stability, and signal transduction levels. Furthermore, numerous products associated with oxidant-modulated genes have been identified and include antioxidant enzymes, stress proteins, DNA repair proteins, and mitochondrial electron transport proteins. Interestingly, low and physiological levels of reactive oxygen species are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle, but high levels of reactive oxygen species promote contractile dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. Ongoing research continues to probe the mechanisms by which oxidants influence skeletal muscle contractile properties and to explore interventions capable of protecting muscle from oxidant-mediated dysfunction.
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Reduction in SOD2 leads to increased O2•− in mitochondria and facilitates formation of toxic ONOO− during exercise and hydroxyl radicals to damage proteins and lipids.
“The reduction in SOD2, in particular, would lead to increased O2•− in mitochondria, as we found in NOX4-deficient myoblasts, and ultimately facilitate the formation of toxic ONOO− during exercise and highly reactive hydroxyl radicals to damage proteins and lipids (19).”
From Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
Optimal reactive oxygen species production is critical for cell function, especially immune cells.
“Optimal reactive oxygen species production is critical for cell function, especially immune cells”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Powers and Jackson 2008
The levels of reactive oxygen species produced during moderate exercise bring about beneficial adaptations in a number of cell types.
“and the levels produced during moderate exercise have been proven to bring about beneficial adaptations in a number of cell types (Ji et al. 2006; Powers and Jackson 2008; Radak et al. 2008).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Powers and Jackson 2008
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- Authors
- Powers, S. K., & Jackson, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- ORCID
- Jackson, Malcolm J.
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1243-1276
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- PMC
- PMC2909187
- OpenAlex
- W2113529945
- Cited by
- 2,459
- References
- 436
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 130 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 153 · 2018: 134 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 158 · 2014: 170 · 2013: 147 · 2012: 115
- FWCI
- 9.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL067855)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- exercise-induced oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, skeletal muscle contraction, muscle force production, muscle fatigue, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, stress proteins, DNA repair proteins, mitochondrial electron transport chain, contractile dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Humans, Muscle Contraction, Exercise, Oxidative Stress, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Muscle Fatigue
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