Whole body and forearm substrate metabolism in hyperthyroidism: evidence of increased basal muscle protein breakdown
Abstract
Thyroid hormones have significant metabolic effects, and muscle wasting and weakness are prominent clinical features of chronic hyperthyroidism. To assess the underlying mechanisms, we examined seven hyperthyroid women with Graves' disease before (Ht) and after (Eut) medical treatment and seven control subjects (Ctr). All subjects underwent a 3-h study in the postabsorptive state. After regional catheterization, protein dynamics of the whole body and of the forearm muscles were measured by amino acid tracer dilution technique using [ 15 N]phenylalanine and [ 2 H 4] tyrosine. Before treatment, triiodothyronine was elevated (6.6 nmol/l) and whole body protein breakdown was icreased 40%. The net forearm release of phenylalanine was increased in hyperthyroidism (μg·100 ml −1 ·min −1 ): −7.0 ± 1.2 Ht vs. −3.8 ± 0.8 Eut ( P = 0.04), −4.2 ± 0.3 Ctr ( P = 0.048). Muscle protein breakdown, assessed by phenylalanine rate of appearance, was increased (μg·100 ml −1 ·min −1 ): 15.5 ± 2.0 Ht vs. 9.6 ± 1.4 Eut ( P = 0.03), 9.9 ± 0.6 Ctr ( P = 0.02). Muscle protein synthesis rate did not differ significantly. Muscle mass and muscle function were decreased 10–20% before treatment. All abnormalities were normalized after therapy. In conclusion, our results show that hyperthyroidism is associated with increased muscle amino acid release resulting from increased muscle protein breakdown. These abnormalities can explain the clinical manifestations of sarcopenia and myopathy.
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Hyperthyroidism can be associated with muscle loss and decreased physical function.
“Hyperthyroidism can also be associated with muscle loss and decreased physical function.”
From Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases (2014) · cites this paper as [97]
Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased muscle protein breakdown and resulting increased amino acid release.
“Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased muscle protein breakdown and resulting increased aminoacid release.97”
From Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases (2014) · cites this paper as [97]
Muscle strength is restored after normalization of thyroid hormones in young or non-elderly subjects with hyperthyroidism.
“few studies in young or non-elderly subjects have demonstrated reduced muscle strength, which is restored after normalization of thyroid hormones (114–119).”
From Levothyroxine therapy in elderly patients with hypothyroidism (2021) · cites this paper as [118]
In young or non-elderly subjects, hyperthyroidism is associated with reduced muscle strength.
“few studies in young or non-elderly subjects have demonstrated reduced muscle strength, which is restored after normalization of thyroid hormones (114–119).”
From Levothyroxine therapy in elderly patients with hypothyroidism (2021) · cites this paper as [118]
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- Authors
- Riis, A. L. D., Jørgensen, J. O. L., Gjedde, S., Nørrelund, H., Jurik, A. G., Nair, K. S., Ivarsen, P., Weeke, J., & Møller, N.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 288
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- E1067-E1073
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W1972903285
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Aarhus Universitet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, muscle protein degradation, muscle protein synthesis, sarcopenia, myopathy, muscle atrophy, phenylalanine kinetics, triiodothyronine, forearm muscles
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Composition, Female, Forearm, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Kinetics, Methimazole, Middle Aged, Muscle Proteins, Nitrogen Isotopes, Phenylalanine, Antithyroid Agents, Thyroid Hormones, Muscle, Skeletal
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