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Cited by 192Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsPancreatic function and diabetesDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Effects of growth hormone on insulin sensitivity and forearm metabolism in normal man

Open access
M�ller, N., Butler, P. C., Antsiferov, M. A., Alberti, K. G. M. M.·1989·Diabetologia
DOI 10.1007/bf00505182
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Abstract

To elucidate the short-term actions of growth hormone on insulin sensitivity and forearm metabolism, we have studied six normal male subjects receiving a 6-h hyperinsulinaemic euglycemic clamp with and without a concomitant 4-h growth hormone infusion. When infused, serum growth hormone rose to 25 +/- 4 mU/l and during administration of insulin serum insulin increased by 11 +/- 1 mU/l. During euglycemic clamp, administration of growth hormone decreased forearm glucose uptake after 180 min and onward (240 min 0.216 +/- 0.031 vs 0.530 +/- 0.090 mg/100 ml/min, p less than 0.05). Glucose infusion rate (240 min 2.83 +/- 0.24 vs 4.35 +/- 0.28 mg.kg-1.min-1, p less than 0.05) and glucose disposal rate (240 min 3.57 +/- 0.17 vs 4.00 +/- 0.15 mg.kg-1.min-1, p less than 0.05) also decreased. Growth hormone persistently increased hepatic glucose production after 120 min. After 210 min, all circulating lipid intermediates increased slightly. The decrease in forearm glucose uptake and glucose infusion rate and the increase in hepatic glucose production was observed before there was any detectable increase in circulating levels and forearm uptake of lipid intermediates. These data suggest that growth hormone induces insensitivity to insulin in liver, muscle and fat after 120, 180 and 210 min respectively. The early effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism seems independent of changes in the rate of lipolysis.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In six healthy men, a 4-h growth hormone infusion during a 6-h hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp induced insulin insensitivity in liver, muscle and fat, with hepatic glucose output rising first (120 min), forearm glucose uptake falling at 180 min, and lipid intermediates rising only at 210 min. Because the glucose-handling defects preceded any detectable rise in circulating or forearm-uptake lipid fuels, the authors conclude the early anti-insulin effect of GH on glucose metabolism is independent of lipolysis.

Key findings

  • GH reduced forearm glucose uptake by 58% (240 min: 0.216 ± 0.031 vs 0.530 ± 0.090 mg/100 ml/min, p < 0.05), significant from 180 min of GH administration.
  • Glucose infusion rate (M-value) fell 36% (240 min: 2.83 ± 0.24 vs 4.35 ± 0.28 mg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, p < 0.05) and tracer-determined glucose disposal rate fell 10% (3.57 ± 0.17 vs 4.00 ± 0.15 mg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, p < 0.05).
  • Hepatic glucose production rose persistently with GH, reaching 0.7 ± 0.2 mg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ at 240 min (p < 0.05), significant from 120 min — i.e. before the muscle effect.
  • Circulating lipid intermediates rose only late: NEFA to 480 ± 60 µmol/l (p < 0.05, from 210 min), glycerol to 43 ± 6 µmol/l (p < 0.01, from 180 min) and 3-hydroxybutyrate to 30 ± 3 µmol/l (p < 0.05, from 240 min); forearm NEFA uptake was unaffected at all timepoints. Alanine, pyruvate and lactate metabolism were unchanged, and somatomedin-C stayed constant (~27.2 ± 2.2 nmol/l).

Methods

  • Design: randomised-order, two-occasion study (≥4 weeks apart) in six healthy normal-weight male volunteers (aged 30 ± 2 years, BMI 21.0 ± 0.7 kg/m²), after a 10-h overnight fast; each subject received a 6-h hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp alone and the same clamp plus a 4-h GH infusion (4 µg/kg/h for 30 min, then 2.5 µg/kg/h).
  • Data: insulin infused at 0.015 U/kg/h to achieve physiological hyperinsulinaemia (serum insulin 4 ± 1 to 15 ± 1 mU/l); [6-³H]glucose infusion with the Steele equation (pool fraction 0.65) for Ra/Rd and hepatic glucose output; deep antecubital venous catheterisation with venous occlusion plethysmography for forearm substrate balance; automated fluorimetric/enzymatic assays and radioimmunoassays.
  • Analysis: ANOVA with paired Student's t-tests where appropriate; p < 0.05 (two-tailed) considered significant; results as means ± SEM.

Limitations

  • Stated by the authors: the isotope dilution technique may under-estimate hepatic glucose output and fail to detect small changes in glucose turnover (non-steady-state error or isotope discrimination/contamination); tracer equilibration lag may under-estimate the true fall in glucose disposal.
  • Evident from the text: the sample is very small (n = 6) and restricted to healthy normal-weight men, so findings may not generalise to women, obesity or pathological GH states; the authors themselves note that the glucose/fatty-acid/ketone cycle may only become important with more sustained GH elevation.
  • Evident from the text: the mechanism is inferred rather than measured — the authors propose post-receptor modulation because short-term GH does not interfere with insulin receptor binding, but no receptor or enzyme data are presented here.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/bf00505182

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 25 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    After insulin administration, plasma NEFA, blood glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate fell from basal levels to plateaus.

    “After administration of insulin plasma NEFA, blood glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate values fell from basal levels of 410+80, 39+6 and 42+9 Ixmol/1 to a plateau of approximately 150+60, 20+5 and 10_+5 ~mol/1 respectively (Table1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At the end of the study, growth hormone had decreased forearm glucose uptake by 58% (with growth hormone 0.22 ± 0.03 vs 0.53 ± 0.09 mg/100 ml/min).

    “At the end of the study, GH had decreased forearm glucose uptake by 58% (with GH 0.22 + 0.03 mg/100 ml/min vs 0.53 _+ 0.09 mg/100 ml/min) (Fig. 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The relative blood flow to the tissues drained by the deep forearm vein equals 0.47 times total forearm blood flow plus 0.83.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Red cell intracellular NEFA equilibrate freely with plasma NEFA, and total blood concentration of NEFA can be calculated by multiplying plasma NEFA by (1 - 0.30 × hematocrit).
    • The authors state this as an assumption: When catabolised oxidatively, ATP production from one mole of glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA (palmitate) is 38, 30 and 129 moles of ATP respectively.
  • Findingown data

    The clamped values of arterialised blood glucose did not differ statistically at any time.

    “The clamped values of arterialised blood glucose did not differ statistically at any time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    During hyperinsulinaemic euglycemia, decreased glucose disposal in the forearm is found before there is any detectable increase in either circulating levels of, or net uptake of alternative fuels.

    “The present study, however, shows that during hyperinsulinaemic euglycemia decreased glucose disposal in the forearm is found before there is any detectable increase in either circulating levels of, or net uptake of alternative fuels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The relative blood flow to the tissues drained by the deep forearm vein equals 0.47 times total forearm blood flow plus 0.83.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Red cell intracellular NEFA equilibrate freely with plasma NEFA, and total blood concentration of NEFA can be calculated by multiplying plasma NEFA by (1 - 0.30 × hematocrit).
    • The authors state this as an assumption: When catabolised oxidatively, ATP production from one mole of glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA (palmitate) is 38, 30 and 129 moles of ATP respectively.
  • Findingown data

    Growth hormone infusion increased serum growth hormone from baseline values of 3.2 ± 1.7 mU/l to 31.2 ± 2.8 mU/l after 4 h.

    “The GH infusion increased serum GH from baseline values of 3.2 _+ 1.7 mU/1 to a slightly increasing level of 31.2 ___ 2.8 mU/1 after 4 h (Fig. I).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 19
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Insulin infusion caused the glucose infusion rate (M-value) to increase to 4.4 ± 0.3 mg/kg/min, glucose disposal rate (Rd) to rise to 4.0 ± 0.2 mg/kg/min, and hepatic glucose output (HGO) to decrease to -0.4 ± 0.2 mg/kg/min at 240 min.

    “As shown in Figure 2, insulin infusion caused the glucose infusion rate (M-value) to increase steadily to 4.4 + 0.3 mg.kg-1.min-1 at 240 min, the disposal rate for glucose (Rd) to rise to a maximum of 4.0+0.2mg-kg -1 -rain -1 at 240 min and HGO to decrease, therefore, to -0.4+0.2 mg-kg -1-min -1 at 240 min.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Growth hormone caused hepatic glucose output to rise to 0.7 ± 0.2 mg/kg/min at 240 min (p < 0.05); this effect on glucose production was significant after 120 min.

    “GH caused HGO to rise to 0.7_+0.2mg.kg-l-min-t at 240min (p < 0.05); this effect on glucose production was significant after 120 min.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Total forearm blood flow did not change in any of the studies but remained constant around a baseline value of 2.4 ± 0.2 ml/100 ml/min.

    “Total forearm blood flow did not change in any of the studies but remained constant around a baseline value of 2.4 + 0.2 ml/100 ml/min.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The relative blood flow to the tissues drained by the deep forearm vein equals 0.47 times total forearm blood flow plus 0.83.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When growth hormone was added, plasma NEFA, blood glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate rose towards the end of the study, achieving maximum values at 240 min of 480 ± 60 (p < 0.05), 43 ± 6 (p < 0.01) and 30 ± 3 (p < 0.05) μmol/l respectively.

    “When GH was added, all three metabolites rose towards the end of the study period achieving maximum values of 480_+ 60 (p < 0.05), 43 _+ 6 (p < 0.01) and 30 + 3 (p < 0.05) ~tmol/1 respectively at 240 min.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only at 240 min was forearm uptake of 3-hydroxybutyrate significantly increased with growth hormone; forearm uptake of NEFA was not affected by growth hormone at any timepoint.

    “Only at 240 min was the forearm uptake of 3-hydroxybutyrate significantly increased; whereas uptake of NEFA was not affected by GH at any timepoint.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The relative blood flow to the tissues drained by the deep forearm vein equals 0.47 times total forearm blood flow plus 0.83.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Red cell intracellular NEFA equilibrate freely with plasma NEFA, and total blood concentration of NEFA can be calculated by multiplying plasma NEFA by (1 - 0.30 × hematocrit).
    • The authors state this as an assumption: When catabolised oxidatively, ATP production from one mole of glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA (palmitate) is 38, 30 and 129 moles of ATP respectively.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Insulin infusion caused serum insulin to rise from 4 ± 1 mU/l to a plateau of 15 ± 1 mU/l and serum C-peptide to drop from 0.40 ± 5 nmol/l to 0.21 ± 4 nmol/l (p < 0.01).

    “Infusion of insulin caused serum insulin to rise from 4+1 mU/1 to a plateau of 15+1 mU/1 and serum Cpeptide to drop from a baseline level of 0.40_+ 5 nmol/1 to 0.21 _+ 4 nmol/1 (p < 0.01) (Fig. 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Growth hormone administration did not affect serum insulin or C-peptide.

    “Introduction of GH did not affect either parameters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The decrements in M-value and Rd achieved significance after 180 and 225 min of growth hormone administration.

    “These decrements achieved significance after 180 and 225 rain of GH administration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Growth hormone administration diminished the M-value by 36% (2.8 ± 0.2 mg/kg/min at 240 min, p < 0.05) and Rd by 10% (3.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg/min at 240 min).

    “GH administration diminished the M-value by 36% (2.8_+0.2mg.kg-l-min-1 at 240min, p<0.05) and Rd by 10% (3.6_+0.2mg.kg-l-min -1 at 240 min”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The increases in NEFA, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate with growth hormone were statistically significant from 210 min, 180 min and 240 min respectively, compared to insulin administration alone.

    “The increases of these values were statistically significant from 210min (NEFA), 180min (glycerol) and 240 min (3-hydroxybutyrate), when compared to insulin administration alone.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Growth hormone caused glucose uptake to decrease and uptake of lipid substrates to increase across deep forearm tissues; total uptake of ATP equivalents was decreased with growth hormone.

    “GH caused glucose uptake to decrease and uptake of lipid substrates to increase.Total uptake of ATP equivalents was decreased with GH.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The relative blood flow to the tissues drained by the deep forearm vein equals 0.47 times total forearm blood flow plus 0.83.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Red cell intracellular NEFA equilibrate freely with plasma NEFA, and total blood concentration of NEFA can be calculated by multiplying plasma NEFA by (1 - 0.30 × hematocrit).
    • The authors state this as an assumption: When catabolised oxidatively, ATP production from one mole of glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA (palmitate) is 38, 30 and 129 moles of ATP respectively.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Blood glucose was clamped at a value 0.2 mmol/l below fasting level to minimise fluctuations in endogenous insulin secretion.

    “the blood glucose was clamped at a value 0.2 mmol/1 below fasting level (to minimise fluctuations in endogenous insulin secretion) by adjusting a variable infusion of 20% glucose [19].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R (1979) Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol 237: E214-E224

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Forearm studies have suggested that growth hormone acutely decreases peripheral disposal of glucose.

    “whereas forearm studies have suggested that GH acutely decreases peripheral disposal of glucose [8,9].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [8] Rabinowitz D, Klassen GA, Zierler KL (1965) Effect of human growth hormone on muscle and adipose tissue metabolism in the forearm of man. J Clin Invest 44: 51?61 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Fineberg SE, Merimee TJ (1974) Acute metabolic effects of human growth hormone. Diabetes 23: 499?504 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The tracer data indicate that hepatic insulin sensitivity is affected after 2 h and extrahepatic sensitivity after 3.5 h of growth hormone exposure.

    “The tracer data indicate that hepatic insulin sensitivity is affected after 2 h and extrahepatic sensitivity after 3.5 h of GH exposure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The length of time for growth hormone to exert these actions has not been precisely determined.

    “The length of time for GH to exert these actions has not been precisely determined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    With the more moderate insulin dose employed in the present study, muscular glucose oxidation may be of equal importance, and growth hormone could thus inhibit oxidative as well as non-oxidative utilisation of glucose in muscle.

    “with the more moderate insulin dose employed in the present study, muscular glucose oxidation may, however, be of equal importance, and GH could thus inhibit oxidative as well as non-oxidative utilisation of glucose in muscle.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Two hours were allowed for the isotope to equilibrate.

    “Two hours were allowed for the isotope to equilibrate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    In each individual, the same veins were used for catheter insertion on each occasion.

    “In each individual, the same veins were used for insertion on each occasion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Growth hormone acts as a partial insulin agonist on the liver: it suppresses hepatic glucose output in the postabsorptive state and increases hepatic glucose output in the presence of hyperinsulinaemia.

    “It is of interest that GH apparently acts as a partial insulin agonist on the liver, i.e. suppresses HGO in the postabsorptive state and increases HGO in the presence of hyperinsulinaemia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the basal state, growth hormone administration induces an early insulin-like effect on glucose metabolism.

    “earlier studies indicated that in the basal state, GH administration induces an early insulin-like effect on glucose metabolism [6,7]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Adamson U, Wahren J, Cerasi E (1977) Influence of growth hormone on splanchnic glucose production in man. Acta Endocrinol 86: 803?812 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] MacGorman LR, Rizza RA, Gerich JE (1981) Physiological concentrations of growth hormone exert insulin-like and insulin antagonistic effects on both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53: 556?559 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The failure of one study [3] to demonstrate insulin insensitivity after 2 h could relate to the higher dose of insulin employed.

    “The failure of one of the above studies [3] to demonstrate insulin insensitivity after 2 h could relate to the higher dose of insulin employed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Bratusch-Marrain PR, Smith D, DeFronzo RA (1982) The effect of growth hormone on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55: 973?982 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The criteria for satisfactory positioning of the deep antecubital vein catheter were that the tip could not be palpated and that oxygen saturation in blood drawn from the catheter was below 60%.

    “that the tip of the catheter could not be palpated, and that the oxygen saturation in blood drawn from the catheter was below 60% [13].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Wahren J (1966) Quantitative aspects of blood flow and oxygen uptake in the human forearm during rhythmic exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 67 [Suppl 269]: 1?93

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These data suggest that growth hormone induces insensitivity to insulin in liver, muscle and fat after 120, 180 and 210 min respectively.

    “These data suggest that growth hormone induces insensitivity to insulin in liver, muscle and fat after 120, 180 and 210 min respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    There is evidence that growth hormone increases the fraction of non-esterified fatty acids being oxidised to ketone bodies in the liver.

    “there is evidence to support that GH increases the fraction of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) being oxidised to ketone bodies in the liver [11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Keller U, Schell H, Girard J, Stauffacher W (1984) Effect of physiological elevation of plasma growth hormone levels on ketone body kinetics and lipolysis in normal and acutely insulin-deficient man. Diabetologia 26: 103?108 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The early increase in circulating lactate was due to a release from tissues other than muscle or a decrease in clearance.

    “No consistent forearm release of lactate was recorded until 3 h into the clamp, suggesting that the early increase in circulating lactate was due to a release form tissues other than muscle or a decrease in clearance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The relative blood flow to the tissues drained by the deep forearm vein equals 0.47 times total forearm blood flow plus 0.83.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Oxygen saturation in blood drawn from the heated dorsal hand vein was consistently above 91%.

    “Oxygen saturation in blood drawn from the heated dorsal hand vein was consistently above 91%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The inconsistency in results compared to the previous study [3] could relate to the more moderate insulin dose given and the longer clamp-period in the present study.

    “Again the inconsistency in results compared to the previous study [3] could relate to the more moderate insulin dose given and the longer clamp-period in the present study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Bratusch-Marrain PR, Smith D, DeFronzo RA (1982) The effect of growth hormone on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55: 973?982 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Subjects were studied on two occasions in random order and with minimum intervals of 4 weeks.

    “Subjects were studied on 2 occasions in random order and with minimum intervals of 4 weeks: (1) receiving a 6 h i.v.infusion of insulin (euglycemic clamp); (2) receiving an insulin infusion (6 h) together with a GH infusion (4 h).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The tracer data should be interpreted with caution because inadequacy of the isotope dilution technique may lead to under-estimation of hepatic glucose output and inability to detect small changes in glucose turnover.

    “These data should, however, be interpreted with some caution since inadequacy of the isotope dilution technique in its present form, whether caused by a non-steady state error or by isotope discrimination/contamination, may lead to under-estimation of HGO and inability to detect small changes in glucose turnover.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
29 of 29

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The relative blood flow to the tissues drained by the deep forearm vein equals 0.47 times total forearm blood flow plus 0.83.

    “The relative blood flow (ml/100 ml/min) to the tissues drained by the deep forearm vein equals 0.47 x total forearm blood flow+0.83[16].”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Red cell intracellular NEFA equilibrate freely with plasma NEFA, and total blood concentration of NEFA can be calculated by multiplying plasma NEFA by (1 - 0.30 × hematocrit).

    “Red cell intracellular NEFA equilibrate freely with plasma NEFA and total blood concentration of NEFA can thus be calculated by multiplying plasma NEFA by (1-0.30x hematocrit) (similar to the way in which plasma glucose values are converted to whole blood glucose values [17]).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    When catabolised oxidatively, ATP production from one mole of glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA (palmitate) is 38, 30 and 129 moles of ATP respectively.

    “When being catabolised oxidatively the ATP production from one mol of glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA (i.e.palmitate) is 38, 30 and 129 mol of ATP respectively [18].”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • GHRH injection increased glucose levels at awakening by almost 50% and growth hormone administration rapidly decreased muscular glucose uptake.

    “GHRH injection increased glucose levels at awakening by almost 50%56 and GH administration rapidly decreased muscular glucose uptake.55,57”

    From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [57]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Forearm glucose uptake did not decline before every detectable lipid increase

    Major

    The paper says forearm glucose uptake decreased significantly after 180 minutes of GH administration, but also says circulating glycerol increased significantly from 180 minutes. Those reported onsets are simultaneous, not sequential as the abstract claims.

  • ATP-equivalent table values are labeled in the wrong units

    Minor

    The stated glucose uptake of 2340 nmol/100 ml/min, multiplied by the stated yield of 38 ATP per glucose, gives 88,920 nmol, or 0.08892 mmol, of ATP equivalents. The table reports 88.9 under a mmol/100 ml/min heading-a value consistent with μmol, not mmol.

    Reported 88.9 · recomputed 88920

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Parker DC, Rossman LG, Kripke DF, Gibson W, Wilson K (1979) In: Krieger DT (ed) Endocrine Rhythms. Raven Press, New York, pp 143?175

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
M�ller, N., Butler, P. C., Antsiferov, M. A., & Alberti, K. G. M. M.
Affiliations
Royal Victoria Infirmary (GB)
ORCID
Butler, P. C.
Venue
Diabetologia
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
1989-02
Volume
32
Issue
2
Pages
105-110
ISSN
  • 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-0428
DOI
10.1007/bf00505182
OpenAlex
W2061334119
Semantic Scholar
866f4e78c32944a9587534abfda03a40e1b28cff
Cited by
192
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
FWCI
7.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords
growth hormone, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, forearm glucose uptake, hepatic glucose production, glucose infusion rate, glucose disposal rate, lipid intermediates, lipolysis, glucose metabolism, liver, muscle, adipose tissue
MeSH terms
Adult, Blood Glucose, C-Peptide, Forearm, Humans, Insulin, Male, Reference Values, Regional Blood Flow, Growth Hormone, Glucose Clamp Technique

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Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

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