The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men
Abstract
Testosterone increases muscle mass and strength and regulates other physiological processes, but we do not know whether testosterone effects are dose dependent and whether dose requirements for maintaining various androgen-dependent processes are similar. To determine the effects of graded doses of testosterone on body composition, muscle size, strength, power, sexual and cognitive functions, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), plasma lipids, hemoglobin, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels, 61 eugonadal men, 18-35 yr, were randomized to one of five groups to receive monthly injections of a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, to suppress endogenous testosterone secretion, and weekly injections of 25, 50, 125, 300, or 600 mg of testosterone enanthate for 20 wk. Energy and protein intakes were standardized. The administration of the GnRH agonist plus graded doses of testosterone resulted in mean nadir testosterone concentrations of 253, 306, 542, 1,345, and 2,370 ng/dl at the 25-, 50-, 125-, 300-, and 600-mg doses, respectively. Fat-free mass increased dose dependently in men receiving 125, 300, or 600 mg of testosterone weekly (change +3.4, 5.2, and 7.9 kg, respectively). The changes in fat-free mass were highly dependent on testosterone dose (P = 0.0001) and correlated with log testosterone concentrations (r = 0.73, P = 0.0001). Changes in leg press strength, leg power, thigh and quadriceps muscle volumes, hemoglobin, and IGF-I were positively correlated with testosterone concentrations, whereas changes in fat mass and plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were negatively correlated. Sexual function, visual-spatial cognition and mood, and PSA levels did not change significantly at any dose. We conclude that changes in circulating testosterone concentrations, induced by GnRH agonist and testosterone administration, are associated with testosterone dose- and concentration-dependent changes in fat-free mass, muscle size, strength and power, fat mass, hemoglobin, HDL cholesterol, and IGF-I levels, in conformity with a single linear dose-response relationship. However, different androgen-dependent processes have different testosterone dose-response relationships.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Dose-response studies show that in men whose endogenous testosterone is fully suppressed, add-back administration of increasing doses of testosterone that produce graded increases in circulating testosterone causes a dose-dependent (whether expressed according to testosterone dose or circulating levels) increase in muscle mass (measured as lean body mass) and strength (65, 111).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“In the Bhasin et al. (111) studies, in both young and older men the highest testosterone dose produced a 12% increase in blood hemoglobin compared with the lowest dose, reflecting a strong dose-response relationship (Fig. 6) (131).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“The basis for the sex difference in muscle mass and strength is the sex difference in circulating testosterone as clearly shown (for example) by (1) the enhanced athletic performance of men compared with prepubertal boys and women (8); (2) the close correspondence of muscle growth (muscle size) with muscle strength in ascending dose studies in men by Bhasin et al. (111, 117–119) and Finkelstein et”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“In a series of studies, Bhasin et al. (8) have demonstrated that upon testosterone administration, there is a positive correlation between blood testosterone concentrations and leg press strength, thigh, and quadriceps muscle volume, and, further, levels of hemoglobin and IGF1.”
From Onset of effects of testosterone treatment and time span until maximum effects are achieved (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
Citations
Cites
The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men
Bhasin, S., Storer, T. W., Berman, N., Callegari, C., Clevenger, B., Phillips, J., Bunnell, T. J., Tricker, R., Shirazi, A., & Casaburi, R. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199607043350101 · Cited by 1,659
Self-citationLeg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women.
Bassey, E. J., Fiatarone, M. A., O'neill, E. F., Kelly, M., Evans, W. J., & Lipsitz, L. A. (1992) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0820321 · Cited by 943
Katznelson, L., Finkelstein, J. S., Schoenfeld, D. A., Rosenthal, D. I., Anderson, E. J., & Klibanski, A. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.12.8954042 · Cited by 791 · cited 1×
“Administration of replacement doses of testosterone to hypogonadal men (10, 12, 30, 45, 49) and of supraphysiological doses to eugonadal men (9, 22–23, 26) increases fat-free mass, muscle size, and strength.”
Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Hypogonadal Men1
Snyder, P. J., Peachey, H., Berlin, J. A., Hannoush, P., Haddad, G., Dlewati, A., Santanna, J., Loh, L., Lenrow, D. A., Holmes, J. H., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.8.6731 · Cited by 610
Testosterone Replacement Increases Fat-Free Mass and Muscle Size in Hypogonadal Men
Bhasin, S., Storer, T. W., Berman, N., Yarasheski, K. E., Clevenger, B., Phillips, J., Lee, W. P., Bunnell, T. J., & Casaburi, R. H. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.2.3733 · Cited by 596
Self-citationTestosterone influences spatial cognition in older men.
Janowsky, J. S., Oviatt, S. K., & ORWOLL, E. S. (1994) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.108.2.325 · Cited by 578
Effect of Testosterone Treatment on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Men Over 65 Years of Age
Snyder, P. J. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.84.8.2647 · Cited by 531
Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis
Griggs, R. C., Kingston, W., Jozefowicz, R. F., Herr, B. E., Forbes, G., & Halliday, D. (1989) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.498 · Cited by 517
Brodsky, I. G., Balagopal, P., & Nair, K. S. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.10.8855787 · Cited by 444
Wilson, J. D. (1988) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-9-2-181 · Cited by 427
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Bagatell CJ, 1994, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 78, 711
- Bhasin S, 1997, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, 3
- Bhasin S, 1997, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, 407
- Brodsky IG, 1996, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 3469
- Dobs AS, 1999, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 3469
- Gillum RF, 1996, Stroke, 27, 1910
- Katznelson L, 1996, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 4358
- Mauras N, 1998, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 1886
- Sinha-Hikim I, 1998, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 1312
- Snyder PJ, 2000, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 2670
- Snyder PJ, 1999, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 2647
- Wang C, 2000, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 2839
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bhasin, S., Cunningham, G. R., Hayes, F. J., Matsumoto, A. M., Snyder, P. J., Swerdloff, R. S., & Montori, V. M. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2354 · Cited by 1,954
Self-citationTestosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.
Bhasin, S., Brito, J. P., Cunningham, G. R., Hayes, F. J., Hodis, H. N., Matsumoto, A. M., Snyder, P. J., Swerdloff, R. S., Wu, F. C., & Yialamas, M. A. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00229 · Cited by 1,736
Self-citationGuralnik, J. M., Eisenstaedt, R. S., Ferrucci, L., Klein, H. G., & Woodman, R. C. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2004-05-1812 · Cited by 1,450
Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Joint ACCP/AACVPR Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines.
Ries, A., Bauldoff, G., Carlin, B., Casaburi, R., Emery, C., Mahler, D., Make, B., Rochester, C., Zuwallack, R., & Herrerias, C. T. (2007) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.06-2418 · Cited by 1,469
Self-citationAdvances in Male Contraception
Page, S. T., Amory, J. K., & Bremner, W. J. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2007-0041 · Cited by 1,138
Metadata
- Authors
- Bhasin, S., Woodhouse, L., Casaburi, R., Singh, A. B., Bhasin, D., Berman, N., Chen, X., Yarasheski, K. E., Magliano, L., Dzekov, C., Dzekov, J., Bross, R., Phillips, J., Sinha-Hikim, I., Shen, R., & Storer, T. W.
- Affiliations
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- El Camino College (US)
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles 90059;
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2001-12-01
- Volume
- 281
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- E1172-E1181
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2109494488
- Cited by
- 967
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 23.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p41rr000954-34, ODP 1397)
- U.S. Public Health Service (00954, MO-00425)
- National Institute on Aging (1RO1-AG-14369, R01AG014369)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1RO1 DK-49296, R01DK049296, 1RO1-DK-59297-01)
- National Center for Research Resources (P20 RR 11145-01, G12 RR 03026, P41-RR000954, G12RR003026, P20RR011145)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- testosterone, dose-response relationship, testosterone enanthate, GnRH agonist, testosterone replacement therapy, fat-free mass, muscle strength, muscle power, muscle volume, hemoglobin, HDL cholesterol, insulin-like growth factor I, prostate-specific antigen, sexual function, cognitive function, young men
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Androgen Antagonists, Body Composition, Body Water, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Luteinizing Hormone, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Male, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Sexual Behavior, Testosterone, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
