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Human cecal bile acids: concentration and spectrum
Abstract
To obtain information on the concentration and spectrum of bile acids in human cecal content, samples were obtained from 19 persons who had died an unnatural death from causes such as trauma, homicide, suicide, or drug overdose. Bile acid concentration was measured via an enzymatic assay for 3α-hydroxy bile acids; bile acid classes were determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and individual bile acids by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The 3α-hydroxy bile acid concentration (μmol bile acid/ml cecal content) was 0.4 ± 0.2 mM (mean ± SD); the total 3-hydroxy bile acid concentration was 0.6 ± 0.3 mM. The aqueous concentration of bile acids (supernatant after centrifugation) was identical, indicating that most bile acids were in solution. By liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, bile acids were mostly in unconjugated form (90 ± 9%, mean ± SD); sulfated, nonamidated bile acids were 7 ± 5%, and nonsulfated amidated bile acids (glycine or taurine conjugates) were 3 ± 7%. By gas chromatography mass spectrometry, 10 bile acids were identified: deoxycholic (34 ± 16%), lithocholic (26 ± 10%), and ursodeoxycholic (6 ± 9), as well as their primary bile acid precursors cholic (6 ± 9%) and chenodeoxycholic acid (7 ± 8%). In addition, 3β-hydroxy derivatives of some or all of these bile acids were present and averaged 27 ± 18% of total bile acids, indicating that 3β-hydroxy bile acids are normal constituents of cecal content. In the human cecum, deconjugation and dehydroxylation of bile acids are nearly complete, resulting in most bile acids being in unconjugated form at submicellar and subsecretory concentrations.
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“This study also concluded that SCFA receptors, including Gpr43 and Olfr78, were not readily detectable in the cardiac transcriptome.”
From Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure (2019) · cites this paper as [124]
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“Moreover, acetate-producing bacteria have also recently been identified in preclinical studies as a potential protective intervention for the treatment of hypertension, adverse cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis development124.”
From Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure (2019) · cites this paper as [124]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hamilton, J. P., Xie, G., Raufman, J.-P., Hogan, S., Griffin, T. L., Packard, C. A., Chatfield, D. A., Hagey, L. R., Steinbach, J. H., & Hofmann, A. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Maryland Department of Agriculture (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 293
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- G256-G263
- ISSN
- 0193-1857 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1547
- OpenAlex
- W2124723056
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 16.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA107345, R01CA107345)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK64891, T32DK067872, R03DK064891)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
- Keywords
- bile acids, cecal contents, bile acid concentration, bile acid conjugation, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, bile acid deconjugation
- MeSH terms
- Bile Acids and Salts, Cecum, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Cholic Acids, Chromatography, Liquid, Deoxycholic Acid, Gastrointestinal Contents, Humans, Lithocholic Acid, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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