The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Possible entrainment of ghrelin to habitual meal patterns in humans
Abstract
Ghrelin is reportedly a meal-initiation signal based on observations that concentrations increase before meals coincident with rising hunger. However, evidence that ghrelin peaks vary with feeding schedules suggests that it rises in anticipation of an expected meal, rather than eliciting feeding. To explore the entrainment of ghrelin profiles, this study investigated the association between varying habitual meal patterns and plasma ghrelin concentrations. Lean and obese adults following either a short intermeal interval (SII) pattern, with 2.5–3.5 h between their habitual breakfast and lunch times, or a long intermeal interval (LII) pattern, with 5.5–6.5 h between these eating occasions, participated. Food intake and appetite were recorded for 2 baseline days. On the subsequent test day, blood samples were collected over 8 h while participants ate a breakfast and lunch matched to their customary meals and pattern. Appetite ratings were obtained and ghrelin, insulin, glucose, and leptin concentrations were measured. Peak ghrelin concentrations differed significantly by group and occurred prior to each group's respective lunch time. Ghrelin concentrations directly correlated with subjective hunger. This association was stronger when hunger preceded ghrelin, a pattern inconsistent with ghrelin causing the hunger rise. Ghrelin concentrations were inversely correlated with insulin, and peak insulin concentrations preceded nadir ghrelin concentrations postprandially. Ghrelin concentrations periprandially, and over the entire test session, did not differ by meal group, likely because of similar intakes between groups. These data demonstrate that the timing of ghrelin peaks is related to habitual meal patterns and may rise in anticipation of eating rather than eliciting feeding.
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“In addition, there is evidence that ghrelin secretion can be entrained in humans by varying meal patterns [24].”
From Homeostatic and Circadian Control of Food Intake: Clinical Strategies to Prevent Overconsumption (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
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Cites
Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach
Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Matsuo, H., & Kangawa, K. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/45230 · Cited by 8,479
Serum Immunoreactive-Leptin Concentrations in Normal-Weight and Obese Humans
Considine, R. V., Sinha, M. K., Heiman, M. L., Kriauciunas, A., Stephens, T. W., Nyce, M. R., Ohannesian, J. P., Marco, C. C., McKee, L. J., Bauer, T. L., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602013340503 · Cited by 6,326
Effects of the obese Gene Product on Body Weight Regulation in ob / ob Mice
Pelleymounter, M. A., Cullen, M. J., Baker, M. B., Hecht, R., Winters, D., Boone, T., & Collins, F. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7624776 · Cited by 4,017
Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents
Tschöp, M., Smiley, D. L., & Heiman, M. L. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35038090 · Cited by 3,949
A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding
Nakazato, M., Murakami, N., Date, Y., Kojima, M., Matsuo, H., Kangawa, K., & Matsukura, S. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35051587 · Cited by 3,443 · cited 2×
“Furthermore, its orexigenic actions are rapid and transient, characteristic of a signal acutely influencing prandial behavior (28, 43).”
BackgroundA preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans
Cummings, D. E., Purnell, J. Q., Frayo, R. S., Schmidova, K., Wisse, B. E., & Weigle, D. S. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1714 · Cited by 2,940 · cited 3×
“The periprandial ghrelin changes in this study are consistent with other reported profiles (7, 8, 33) and did not vary by habitual eating schedule.”
BackgroundResultGhrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans
Wren, A. M., Seal, L. J., Cohen, M. A., Brynes, A. E., Frost, G. S., Murphy, K. G., Dhillo, W. S., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8111 · Cited by 2,494
Plasma Ghrelin Levels after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Gastric Bypass Surgery
Cummings, D. E., Weigle, D. S., Frayo, R. S., Breen, P. A., Marina, K., Dellinger, E. P., & Purnell, J. Q. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012908 · Cited by 2,271
Date, Y., Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Sawaguchi, A., Mondal, M. S., Suganuma, T., Matsukura, S., Kangawa, K., & Nakazato, M. (2000) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.141.11.7757 · Cited by 1,916
The Novel Hypothalamic Peptide Ghrelin Stimulates Food Intake and Growth Hormone Secretion
Wren, A. M., Small, C. J., Ward, H. L., Murphy, K. G., Dakin, C. L., Taheri, S., Kennedy, A. R., Roberts, G. H., Morgan, D. G. A., Ghatei, M. A., et al. (2000) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.141.11.7873 · Cited by 1,593
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Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.010
Sheikh, Z. I., Tariq, A., Shoaib, A., & Mahmood, S. (2020) · The Professional Medical Journal · doi:10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.11.4390
Overview of Existing Treatments for Feeding, Eating, and Anxiety Disorders
Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.004
CBT-AR Adherence: Session-by-Session Ratings
Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.015
Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.012
Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.011
Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.016
Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.002
Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.014
Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.017
Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.001
Conclusion and Future Directions
Thomas, J. J., & Eddy, K. T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108233170.013
Interoceptive inference and prediction in food-related disordersPreprint
Subramanian, M., & Thaiss, C. A. (2024) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.352301.124 · Cited by 1
Meal timing and ghrelin: A chrononutritional perspective on weight regulation potential
Khaira, F., & Sulastri, D. (2026) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2026.2624753
Time as a cue for human hunger
Stevenson, R. J., Francis, H., Machan, E. A., Rooney, K., Wassing, R., Heriseanu, A. I., & Ho, V. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106945
Metadata
- Authors
- Frecka, J. M., & Mattes, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- ORCID
- Mattes, Richard D.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2008-03
- Volume
- 294
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- G699-G707
- ISSN
- 0193-1857 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1547
- OpenAlex
- W2128855912
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- ghrelin, meal patterns, intermeal interval, meal timing, subjective hunger, insulin, leptin, plasma ghrelin concentration, appetite, postprandial ghrelin, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anthropometry, Appetite, Blood Glucose, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Leptin, Ghrelin
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