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Cited by 10Regulation of Appetite and ObesityCircadian rhythm and melatoninNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

Homeostatic and Circadian Control of Food Intake: Clinical Strategies to Prevent Overconsumption

Open access
Drapeau, V., Gallant, A. R.·2013·Current Obesity Reports
DOI 10.1007/s13679-012-0038-3
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AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review argues that overconsumption is driven by homeostatic, hedonic, and circadian processes, and that clinical strategies enhancing satiation/satiety and circadian synchronization may reduce overeating, especially in susceptible phenotypes. It proposes nutritional and behavioral approaches while calling for more clinical research.

Key findings

  • Homeostatic control involves satiation/satiety signals (cephalic, gastric, intestinal, leptin, insulin, ghrelin); the circadian system directly controls food intake, and altered circadian rhythms are linked to poor appetite control and overeating.
  • Susceptible phenotypes include obesity (leptin/insulin resistance; attenuated postprandial ghrelin decline), low satiety phenotype, restrained eaters, high disinhibition, short/poor sleep, and night eating syndrome.
  • Nutritional strategies: protein is the most satiating macronutrient; consuming a minimum of 20 g protein 30 minutes before a meal seems most effective for satiety; low energy density reduces energy intake; a palatable satiating meal (32% protein, 1.25 kcal/g, 9 g fiber) decreased subsequent ad libitum energy intake by −744 kJ versus control; a 16-week satiating diet produced greater weight loss, improved body composition, and better adherence.
  • Behavioral strategies: exercise may improve appetite-control sensitivity (a 12-week program increased fasting/daily hunger and immediate/delayed satiety quotients); sleep and regular meal patterns may enhance circadian synchronization; a multidisciplinary approach including hedonic and psychological strategies is likely needed.

Methods

  • Narrative review; no systematic review, meta-analysis, or primary experimental design is described.
  • Synthesizes human and animal literature on homeostatic and circadian appetite control, susceptibility phenotypes, and clinical strategies; includes findings from the authors’ laboratory (e.g., satiating meal and 16-week satiating diet).
  • Main analysis is qualitative synthesis of cited studies; no formal search strategy, inclusion criteria, or risk-of-bias assessment is reported.

Limitations

  • The paper states more clinical research is needed on the short- and long-term impact of combined strategies on appetite control and weight gain, particularly in susceptible phenotypes; it also notes understudied areas (protein and satiation, sleep interventions, meal timing) and limited/contradictory evidence for some functional agents.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not provide a systematic search or quantitative synthesis, and many proposed strategies are supported by indirect or cited evidence rather than direct randomized testing in the target phenotypes.
  • The authors disclose conflicts of interest (V. Drapeau: grant support from Danone and Producteurs laitiers du Canada; travel/accommodations reimbursement from Pepsico), which may be relevant when interpreting the recommendations.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s13679-012-0038-3

Cites

140 of 140 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 87 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Interpretationreasoning

    Overeating may further perpetuate dysfunction in the satiation/satiety control system, creating an unhealthy cycle of poor control on food intake.

    “In the current 'obesogenic environment', it is imperative to limit overeating as it may further perpetuate dysfunction in the satiation/satiety control system, creating an unhealthy cycle of poor control on food intake.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationcitation

    Individuals reporting short sleep duration and poor sleep quality could be at higher risk of overeating.

    “Individuals reporting short sleep duration and poor sleep quality could also be at higher risk of overeating.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Individuals with altered circadian rhythms are more susceptible to poor appetite control and overeating.

    “Moreover, individuals with altered circadian rhythms are more susceptible to poor appetite control, and consequently, overeating [31,32].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] Gluck ME, Geliebter A, Satov T. Night eating syndrome is associated with depression, low self-esteem, reduced daytime hunger, and less weight loss in obese outpatients. Obes Res. 2001;9(4):264–7. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC, Lewy AJ, Goodwin FK, Davenport Y, et al. Seasonal affective disorder. A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41(1):72–80. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    The obese state is associated with an internal physiology that likely influences, if not leads to, poor appetite control and overconsumption.

    “Thus, the obese state, per se, is associated with an internal physiology that likely influences, if not leads to, poor appetite control and overconsumption.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Disruption of the circadian system has been considered a novel factor in the aetiology of obesity.

    “The disruption of the circadian system has homeostatic implications as it has been considered a novel factor in the aetiology of obesity [33•]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33•]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 40
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 17

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    A palatable yet satiating meal decreased hunger, increased fullness, and decreased energy intake at a subsequent meal (-744 kJ) more than a control meal, without compromising palatability.

    “As a main course, this satiating meal decreased hunger and increased fullness after the meal and decreased energy intake at the subsequent meal (ad libitum dessert) (-744 kJ) more than a control meal, with no energy compensation at the subsequent meal.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [88] Poortvliet PC, Berube-Parent S, Drapeau V, Lamarche B, Blundell JE, Tremblay A. Effects of a healthy meal course on spontaneous energy intake, satiety and palatability. Br J Nutr. 2007;97(3):584–90. doi: S000711450738135X10.1017/S000711450738135X . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Over the long term, consumption of a highly satiating diet (one satiating meal/day for 16 weeks) resulted in greater weight loss, improvements in body composition, and favored adherence compared to a conventional healthy control diet.

    “Over the long term, the consumption of a highly satiating diet (one satiating meal/ day for 16 weeks) also resulted in greater weight loss, improvements in body composition, and favored adherence compared to a conventional healthy control diet [91].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Drapeau V, Arguin H, Tremblay A. Impact of a satiating diet on satiety quotient and body weight in obese men - Canadian Society of Nutrition Annual Meeting (abstract). Applied Physiology. Nutrition and Metabolism. 2010;35:373.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The highly satiating diet improved satiety efficiency, which was accentuated among those characterized with a weak baseline satiety response (LSP), despite similar weight losses between the two phenotypes.

    “Moreover, the highly satiating diet improved satiety efficiency which was accentuated among those characterized with a weak baseline satiety response (LSP), despite similar weight losses between the two phenotypes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Drapeau V, Arguin H, Tremblay A. Impact of a satiating diet on satiety quotient and body weight in obese men - Canadian Society of Nutrition Annual Meeting (abstract). Applied Physiology. Nutrition and Metabolism. 2010;35:373.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Overconsumption is common and implicated in the gradual increase in population body weight.

    “As a consequence, overconsumption is common and implicated in the gradual increase in population body weight [1].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):804–14. doi: S0140-6736(11)60813-1 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60813-1 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The current environment is characterized by an unlimited amount and opportunity to eat a wide variety of low-nutrient, energy-dense foods.

    “The current environment is characterized by an unlimited amount and opportunity to eat a wide variety of lownutrient, energy-dense foods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There is a direct relationship between the control of food intake and the biological clock; feeding is highly cyclic and constricted to the daytime.

    “The circadian system is often neglected in appetite research yet there is a direct relationship between the control of food intake and the biological clock [18]; feeding is highly cyclic and constricted to the daytime.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Ekmekcioglu C, Touitou Y. Chronobiological aspects of food intake and metabolism and their relevance on energy balance and weight regulation. Obes Rev. 2011;12(1):14–25. doi: OBR71610.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00716.x . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Synchronizing the circadian system through exercise and regular sleeping and meal patterns may enhance homeostatic signals of satiation and satiety.

    “Synchronizing the circadian system through exercise and regular sleeping and meal patterns may also enhance these signals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lack of sleep is directly related to hormonal changes favoring increased appetite and may impair the action of leptin.

    “Lack of sleep is directly related to hormonal changes favoring increased appetite [55] and may impair the action of leptin [56].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [55] Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med. 2004;1(3):e62. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] Knutson KL, Van Cauter E. Associations between sleep loss and increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1129:287–304. doi: 10.1196/annals.1417.0331129/1/287 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Clinical nutritional and behavioral strategies can strengthen homeostatic signals of satiation and satiety and improve appetite control.

    “Clinical nutritional and behavioral strategies can strengthen homeostatic signals of satiation and satiety and improve appetite control.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals who eat at night or present night eating syndrome (NES) report low appetite in the morning and increased late-night cravings.

    “Moreover, individuals who eat at night or present the night eating syndrome (NES) [59], a phenotype characterized by a circadian delay in food intake, report low appetite in the morning and increased late-night cravings [60].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] Allison KC, Lundgren JD, O'Reardon JP, Geliebter A, Gluck ME, Vinai P, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for night eating syndrome. Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43(3):241–7. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Administration of ghrelin stimulates eating more in the obese than the lean, and obese individuals show an attenuated postprandial decline in ghrelin.

    “Moreover, administration of ghrelin has been shown to stimulate eating more in the obese than the lean [35], and the former also show an attenuated postprandial decline in ghrelin [36].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35] Druce MR, Wren AM, Park AJ, Milton JE, Patterson M, Frost G, et al. Ghrelin increases food intake in obese as well as lean subjects. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(9):1130–6. doi: 080300110.1038/sj.ijo.0803001 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] le Roux CW, Patterson M, Vincent RP, Hunt C, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Postprandial plasma ghrelin is suppressed proportional to meal calorie content in normal-weight but not obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(2):1068–71. doi: jc.2004-121610.1210/jc.2004-1216 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Leptin and insulin resistance are common in obesity and may play a role in poor appetite control.

    “Leptin and insulin resistance are common in obesity and, considering their important functions in homeostatic processes, may play a role in poor appetite control [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Morton GJ, Cummings DE, Baskin DG, Barsh GS, Schwartz MW. Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature. 2006;443(7109):289–95. doi: nature0502610.1038/nature05026 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The low satiety phenotype (LSP) are individuals who report difficulties in recognizing their appetite sensations either before or after a meal.

    “The 'low satiety phenotype' (LSP) are individuals who report difficulties in recognizing their appetite sensations either before or after a meal [37,38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [37] Drapeau V, Hetherington M, Tremblay A. Impact of eating and lifestyle behaviours on body weight: beyond energy value. Handbook of Behaviour, Diet and Nutrition. Springer; 2011. p. 693-706. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Barkeling B, King NA, Naslund E, Blundell JE. Characterization of obese individuals who claim to detect no relationship between their eating pattern and sensations of hunger or fullness. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31(3):435–9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Together, these strategies can help reduce overeating episodes, particularly among susceptible individuals.

    “Together, these strategies can help reduce overeating episodes, particularly among susceptible individuals”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone involved in food intake and has a distinct preprandial peak followed by a postprandial decline proportional to ingested calories.

    “This orexigenic hormone is involved in food intake and has a distinct preprandial peak followed by a postprandial decline [20] proportional to the ingested calories [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [20] Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes. 2001;50(8):1714–9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Callahan HS, Cummings DE, Pepe MS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, Weigle DS. Postprandial suppression of plasma ghrelin level is proportional to ingested caloric load but does not predict intermeal interval in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(3):1319–24. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Food consumed in the morning is particularly satiating compared to food consumed in the evening.

    “It has also been proposed that food consumed in the morning is particularly satiating compared to food consumed in the evening [27][28][29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27][28][29]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals with high disinhibition have abnormalities in self-regulation of eating and show a reduced reported satiety response to a meal when overfed.

    “There is evidence that individuals with high disinhibition, i.e., overeating tendencies [48], have abnormalities in self-regulation of eating [49,50] and show a reduced reported satiety response to a meal when overfed [51].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [49] van Strien T, Cleven A, Schippers G. Restraint, tendency toward overeating and ice cream consumption. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000;28(3):333–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Blundell JE, Stubbs RJ, Golding C, Croden F, Alam R, Whybrow S, et al. Resistance and susceptibility to weight gain: individual variability in response to a high-fat diet. Physiol Behav. 2005;86(5):614–22. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Cornier MA, Grunwald GK, Johnson SL, Bessesen DH. Effects of short-term overfeeding on hunger, satiety, and energy intake in thin and reduced-obese individuals. Appetite. 2004;43(3):253–9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Homeostatic control of appetite involves physiological processes that initiate and terminate feeding (satiation) and suppress inter-meal hunger (satiety) to regulate body weight.

    “Homeostatic control of appetite involves various physiological processes that initiate and terminate feeding (satiation) and suppress inter-meal hunger (satiety) in order to regulate body weight.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Internal biological factors can influence feeding through circadian control, regardless of nutritional status, and factors mediating satiation and satiety may be more effective at different times of the day.

    “These results provide evidence that internal biological factors can influence feeding through circadian control, regardless of nutritional status, and that factors mediating satiation and satiety may be more effective at different times of the day.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Specific strategies that focus on enhancing internal appetite sensations could be particularly important for individuals expressing a phenotype more susceptible to overeating.

    “Specific strategies that focus on enhancing internal appetite sensations could be particularly important for individuals expressing a phenotype more susceptible to overeating.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Consuming a minimum of 20 g of protein 30 minutes before a meal seems to represent the most effective strategy to enhance satiety, with seemingly no effect of protein on satiation.

    “Consuming a minimum of 20 g of protein 30 minutes before a meal seems to represent the most effective strategy to enhance satiety, with seemingly no effect of protein on satiation [70].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70] Abou-Samra R, Keersmaekers L, Brienza D, Mukherjee R, Mace K. Effect of different protein sources on satiation and short-term satiety when consumed as a starter. Nutr J. 2011;10:139. doi: 1475-2891-10-139 10.1186/1475-2891-10-139 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Over time, this could result in fewer episodes of overeating and a gradual improvement of long-term body weight regulation.

    “Over time, this could result in fewer episodes of overeating and a gradual improvement of long-term body weight regulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Reducing energy density effectively increases satiation and satiety and decreases energy intake, and thus could prevent overeating episodes.

    “In summary, this strategy effectively increases satiation and satiety and decreases energy intake and thus, could prevent overeating episodes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Satiating meals/diet seem to improve satiety signals beyond what would be expected with a conventional healthy diet, and more so in a vulnerable phenotype such as the LSP.

    “Thus, the satiating meals/diet seem to improve satiety signals beyond what would be expected with a conventional healthy diet, and moreso in a vulnerable phenotype such as in the LSP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A high protein diet is not superior to other diets for weight loss, but recent evidence indicates it could be effective to prevent weight regain.

    “Over the long term, even though the impact of a high protein diet on weight loss is not superior to other diets [71], recent evidence indicates that the use of a high protein diet could be an effective strategy to prevent weight regain [72,73].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [71] Astrup A, Meinert Larsen T, Harper A. Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss? Lancet. 2004;364(9437):897–9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16986-9 S0140673604169869 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [72] Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(2):281–9. doi: S000711450500036X . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [73] Larsen TM, Dalskov SM, van Baak M, Jebb SA, Papadaki A, Pfeiffer AF, et al. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(22):2102–13. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1007137 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Exercise may increase the overall orexigenic drive to eat and a concomitant increase in the satiating efficiency after a fixed meal, thus increasing sensitivity to appetite control.

    “As suggested by King and colleagues [99], exercise may increase in the overall (orexigenic) drive to eat and a concomitant increase in the satiating efficiency after a fixed meal, thus increasing sensitivity to appetite control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] King NA, Caudwell PP, Hopkins M, Stubbs JR, Naslund E, Blundell JE. Dual-process action of exercise on appetite control: increase in orexigenic drive but improvement in meal-induced satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(4):921–7. doi: ajcn.2009.2770610.3945/ajcn.2009.27706 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Overeating increases circulating leptin levels, which may lead to leptin resistance and deplete ghrelin profiles.

    “Indeed, overeating increases circulating leptin levels [62], which may lead to leptin resistance [63] and deplete ghrelin profiles [64].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [62] Levine JA, Eberhardt NL, Jensen MD. Leptin responses to overfeeding: relationship with body fat and nonexercise activity thermogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(8):2751–4. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [63] Klok MD, Jakobsdottir S, Drent ML. The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review. Obes Rev. 2007;8(1):21–34. doi: OBR27010.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00270.x . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [64] Sugino T, Yamaura J, Yamagishi M, Ogura A, Hayashi R, Kurose Y, et al. A transient surge of ghrelin secretion before feeding is modified by different feeding regimens in sheep. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;298(5):785–8. doi: S0006291X0202572X . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Such an intervention is attractive for individuals with an underlying susceptibility to overeating or in a weight loss context where appetitive changes increase the risk of overeating and weight regain.

    “Such an intervention is attractive for individuals with an underlying susceptibility to overeating or in a weight loss context where appetitive changes, such as decreases in leptin, insulin, and increases in hunger, increase the risk of overeating and weight regain [65][66][67].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65][66][67]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A 12-week exercise program increased fasting and daily hunger and increased immediate and delayed satiety quotients, a marker of satiety efficiency, independent of weight loss, and this was mediated by changes in appetite peptides.

    “Accordingly, a 12-week exercise program increased fasting and daily hunger and increased immediate and delayed satiety quotients, a marker of satiety efficiency, independent of weight loss [99] and which was mediated by changes in appetite peptides [100].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [99] King NA, Caudwell PP, Hopkins M, Stubbs JR, Naslund E, Blundell JE. Dual-process action of exercise on appetite control: increase in orexigenic drive but improvement in meal-induced satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(4):921–7. doi: ajcn.2009.2770610.3945/ajcn.2009.27706 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [100] Martins C, Kulseng B, King NA, Holst JJ, Blundell JE. The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on appetite-related peptides and motivation to eat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4):1609–16. doi: jc.2009-208210.1210/jc.2009-2082 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Behavioral strategies such as exercise, sleep, and regular meal patterns could be used to enhance homeostatic control and influence circadian control of eating and homeostatic hormone profiles.

    “In addition to nutritional strategies, behavioral strategies, such as exercise, sleep and regular meal patterns, could be used to enhance homeostatic control, both in the short-and long-term, and could influence circadian control of eating and homeostatic hormone profiles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gut microbiota may influence appetite and satiety through a brain-gut axis; gut microbiota can activate vagal sensory neurons that influence gastrointestinal motility and feeding behavior centrally.

    “It has been hypothesized that gut microbiota may influence appetite and satiety through a brain-gut axis [80]; gut microbiota can activate vagal sensory neurons that influence gastrointestinal motility and feeding behavior centrally [81•, 82, 83].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [80] Tehrani AB, Nezami BG, Gewirtz A, Srinivasan S. Obesity and its associated disease: a role for microbiota? Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012;24(4):305–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01895.x . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [81•, 82, 83]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The effect of protein on satiety is nutrient-specific and seems due to increased diet-induced thermogenesis, specifically with animal protein, and/or influence on meal-induced anorexic gut peptides (GLP-1 and PYY release).

    “Moreover, the effect of protein on satiety is nutrientspecific (different proteins cause different effects) and seems to be due to increased diet-induced thermogenesis, specifically with animal protein [74], and/or their influence on meal-induced anorexic gut peptides (GLP-1 and PYY release) [75,76].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [74] Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The significance of protein in food intake and body weight regulation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003;6(6):635–8. doi: 10.1097/01.mco.0000098087.40916.c4 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [75] Veldhorst M, Smeets A, Soenen S, Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Hursel R, Diepvens K, et al. Protein-induced satiety: effects and mechanisms of different proteins. Physiol Behav. 2008;94(2):300–7. doi: S0031-9384(08)00005-X 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.01.003 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [76] Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Nieuwenhuizen A, Tome D, Soenen S, Westerterp KR. Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr. 2009;29:21–41. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    One approach to prevent overconsumption is an intervention aimed to enhance homeostatic signals of satiation and satiety and to entrain appetitive rhythms.

    “While it is impossible to completely eliminate environmental cues, one approach to prevent overconsumption is an intervention aimed to enhance homeostatic signals of satiation and satiety and to entrain appetitive rhythms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: It is impossible to completely eliminate environmental cues.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some functional agents have potential negative side effects on health, e.g., increased blood pressure with caffeine.

    “The potential negative side effects on health of some functional agents, e.g.increased blood pressure with caffeine [87], should also be considered.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Westerterp-Plantenga M, Diepvens K, Joosen AM, Berube-Parent S, Tremblay A. Metabolic effects of spices, teas, and caffeine. Physiol Behav. 2006;89(1):85–91. doi: S0031-9384(06)00054-010.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.027 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Regular physical activity can improve appetite control sensitivity, and regular exercisers are better than non-exercisers at detecting differences in preload energy content.

    “In fact, regular physical activity can improve appetite control sensitivity and regular exercisers are better than nonexercisers at detecting differences in preload energy content [96][97][98].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96][97][98]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Few intervention studies report an increase in energy intake after exercise, with the majority reporting no effect.

    “Evidence also shows that, contrary to what may be expected, few intervention studies report an increase in energy intake after exercise, with the majority reporting no effect [95].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] Blundell JE, King NA. Physical activity and regulation of food intake: current evidence. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(11 Suppl):S573–83. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exercise has either no effect or can induce a transient post-meal suppression of appetite (hunger), even if this does not necessarily translate into a decrease in subsequent food intake.

    “Although the biological and behavioral responses to exercise are variable [93], there is a general consensus that exercise has either no effect or can induce a transient post meal suppression of appetite (hunger), even if this does not necessarily translate into a decrease in subsequent food intake [94].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [94] King NA, Horner K, Hills AP, Byrne NM, Wood RE, Bryant E, et al. Exercise, appetite and weight management: understanding the compensatory responses in eating behaviour and how they contribute to variability in exercise-induced weight loss. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(5):315–22. doi: bjsm.2010.08249510.1136/bjsm.2010.082495 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Meals high in protein are more satiating in the short-term compared to meals lower in protein; they prolong satiety and reduce energy intake at a subsequent meal.

    “There is now convincing evidence that meals high in protein are more satiating in the short-term when compared to meals lower in protein, i.e., they prolong satiety, and reduce energy intake at a subsequent meal [69].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Halton TL, Hu FB. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(5):373–85. doi: 23/5/373 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Structuring regular meal times, particularly to daytime periods, could help entrain appetite hormones, enhance appetite sensations, and phase-shift feeding to earlier times.

    “On the contrary, because preprandial rise in ghrelin is determinant of habitual meal patters and it can be entrained [24], it could be hypothesized that structuring regular meal times, particularly to daytime periods, could help entrain appetite hormones, enhance appetite sensations and phase-shift feeding to earlier times.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Frecka JM, Mattes RD. Possible entrainment of ghrelin to habitual meal patterns in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;294(3):G699–707. doi: 00448.200710.1152/ajpgi.00448.2007 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Irregular eating episodes may be deleterious to appetite control and energy intake among individuals who already express low perceived appetite sensations.

    “Although structuring meals in a temporal manner in order to enhance appetite sensitivity remains to be tested, irregular eating episodes may be deleterious to appetite control and energy intake among individuals who already express low perceived appetite sensations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Overeating without strict meal times has been shown to obliterate the preprandial ghrelin surges in sheep, and grazing (continuous eating) reduces hunger in humans without reducing energy intake.

    “In addition, overeating without strict meal times has been shown to obliterate the preprandial ghrelin surges in sheep [64] and grazing, i.e., continuous eating [110], reduces hunger in humans without reducing energy intake [111].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [64] Sugino T, Yamaura J, Yamagishi M, Ogura A, Hayashi R, Kurose Y, et al. A transient surge of ghrelin secretion before feeding is modified by different feeding regimens in sheep. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;298(5):785–8. doi: S0006291X0202572X . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [110] Saunders R. "Grazing": a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg. 2004;14(1):98–102. doi: 10.1381/096089204772787374 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [111] Bachman JL, Raynor HA. Effects of manipulating eating frequency during a behavioral weight loss intervention: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(5):985–92. doi: oby201136010.1038/oby.2011.360 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Since ghrelin is a key hormone in meal initiation, irregular eating patterns could weaken appetite control.

    “Since ghrelin is a key hormone in meal initiation, this irregular eating pattern could weaken appetite control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Increasing morning hunger sensations in individuals who have a delayed pattern of eating such as in those with NES may aid in shifting energy intake to earlier daytime hours and/or enhance satiety efficiency among those with a reduced satiety responsivity.

    “Although increasing hunger sensations in the general obese population may not be beneficial, increasing morning hunger sensations in individuals who have a delayed pattern of eating such as in those with NES may aid in shifting energy intake to earlier daytime hours and/or enhance satiety efficiency among those with a reduced satiety responsivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Insufficient sleep decreases plasma leptin levels, increases plasma ghrelin and cortisol levels, alters glucose homeostasis, and activates the orexin system, all of which affect appetite control.

    “Recent studies indicate that insufficient sleep decreases plasma leptin levels, increases plasma ghrelin and cortisol levels, alters glucose homeostasis and activates the orexin system, all of which affect appetite control [104].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [104] Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Role of sleep and sleep loss in hormonal release and metabolism. Endocr Dev. 2010;17:11–21. doi: 00026252410.1159/000262524 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Because sleep is tightly linked with the circadian system, it is difficult to tease apart their independent effects on health, and what enhances sleep will likely enhance circadian synchronization and vice-versa.

    “It should be noted that because sleep is so tightly linked with the circadian system, it is difficult to tease apart their independent effects on health [107] and what enhances sleep will likely enhance circadian synchronization and vice-versa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107] Maury E, Ramsey K, Bass J. Slee, circadian rhythm and metabolism. In: Ahima RS, editor. Metabolic Basis of Obesity. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 229–56. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Short- and long-term processes involved in energy homeostasis influence food intake, and these processes can be influenced by the circadian system and potentially enhanced through behavioral strategies.

    “As depicted in Fig. 1, short-and long-term processes involved in energy homeostasis influence food intake.These processes can be influenced, in turn, but the circadian system and which can potentially be enhanced through the aforementioned behavioral strategies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A 12-week exercise intervention increased morning (fasting) acylated ghrelin levels with a concomitant increase in hunger during this time.

    “Along these lines, a 12-week exercise intervention has been shown to increased morning (fasting) acylated ghrelin levels with a concomitant increase in hunger during this time [100].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Martins C, Kulseng B, King NA, Holst JJ, Blundell JE. The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on appetite-related peptides and motivation to eat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4):1609–16. doi: jc.2009-208210.1210/jc.2009-2082 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Physical activity can play a role in modifying feeding behaviors and in enhancing internal signals of appetite control.

    “Physical activity can play a role in modifying feeding behaviors and in enhancing internal signals of appetite control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Eating during times of reduced satiety responsiveness, i.e., in the evening, when food intake during this time increases overall daily intake and when satiety responsiveness is low, has been associated with obesity.

    “Eating during times of reduced satiety responsiveness, i.e., in the evening, when food intake during this time increases overall daily intake [28] and when satiety responsiveness is low (see section on circadian control of food intake), has been associated with obesity [108,109].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [28] de Castro JM. The time of day of food intake influences overall intake in humans. J Nutr. 2004;134(1):104–11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [108] Bellisle F. Impact of the daily meal pattern on energy balance. Scandinavia Journal of Nutrition. 2004;48(3):114–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [109] Gallant AR, Lundgren J, Drapeau V. The night-eating syndrome and obesity. Obes Rev. 2012;13(6):528–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00975.x . source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Short sleep duration is cross-sectionally and prospectively related to increased body weight and body weight gains, and lack of sleep seems to compromise the efficacy of weight loss dietary intervention.

    “Accordingly, short sleep duration, per se, is cross-sectionally and prospectively related to increased body weight and body weight gains (see [57] for review) and lack of sleep also seems to compromise the efficacy of weight loss dietary intervention [105].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [57] Spiegel K, Tasali E, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5(5):253–61. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105] Nedeltcheva AV, Kilkus JM, Imperial J, Schoeller DA, Penev PD. Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(7):435–41. source

      Not checked in the free run.

50 of 50

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The current environment provides ample opportunity to consume food beyond one's metabolic requirement.

    “The current environment has a strong impact on the rise in population body weight as it provides ample opportunity to consume food, often beyond one's metabolic requirement.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Not all individuals become obese in the obesogenic environment.

    “In addition, this 'obesogenic environment' implies that not all individuals become obese in this environment”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The homeostatic processes that regulate food intake are often overlooked or weakened in such an environment, particularly among susceptible individuals.

    “The homeostatic processes that regulate food intake are often overlooked or weakened in such an environment, particularly among susceptible individuals.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is impossible to completely eliminate environmental cues.

    “While it is impossible to completely eliminate environmental cues”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some factors involved in short-term and long-term control of food intake are under circadian control.

    “Some of these factors are also under circadian control”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The low satiety phenotype, disinhibited individuals, and night-eaters are more susceptible phenotypes for overeating.

    “This is particularly important in more susceptible phenotypes such as the low satiety phenotype, disinhibited individuals or night-eaters.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Adherence to a 'unhealthy snacking pattern' was independently associated with an increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome (RR 1•66 (95 % CI 1•23, 2•29)).

    “Furthermore, adherence to a 'unhealthy snacking pattern' was independently associated with an increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome (RR 1•66 (95 % CI 1•23, 2•29)).”

    From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [40]

  • A study in 6851 Spanish university graduates found that snacking between main meals was statistically significantly associated with a higher risk of developing the metabolic syndrome (RR 1•44 (95 % CI 1•18, 1•77)).

    “Snacking between main meals was statistically significantly associated with a higher risk of developing the metabolic syndrome (RR 1•44 (95 % CI 1•18, 1•77)).”

    From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [40]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Citation [99] identifies the wrong authors

    Minor

    The text attributes citation [99] to King and colleagues, but reference 99 lists Van Walleghen and colleagues.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Drapeau V, Arguin H, Blundell J, Tremblay A. Behavioural and metabolic characterisation of obese men with weak satiety response (abstract). Obes Facts. 2012;5 suppl 1:1–280.
  2. Doucet E, Després J-P, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. Body weight and composition in consumers and non-consumers of vitamin supplements. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(1):S157.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Drapeau, V., & Gallant, A. R.
Affiliations
Université Laval (CA)
Corresponding author
Drapeau, V.
ORCID
Drapeau, V.
Venue
Current Obesity Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2012-12-30
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
93-103
ISSN
2162-4968 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1007/s13679-012-0038-3
OpenAlex
W1978747336
Semantic Scholar
f3999f030be9190b59057c1388f85642dd06cfb9
Cited by
10
References
140
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2
FWCI
0.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Current Obesity Reports (publishedVersion)
  • Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords
food intake regulation, homeostatic regulation, circadian rhythm, overeating, appetite regulation, satiety, satiation, body weight regulation, obesity prevention, meal timing, sleep, physical activity, dietary habits

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

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